Title page

Contents

Overview 6

Digitalisation in the European Union 7

The EIB Corporate Digitalisation Index 11

Role of the environment: digital infrastructure and digital skills 14

Where does the European Union stand relative to the United States in digital adoption? 19

The role of digitalisation during COVID-19 24

Digitalisation, intangible investment, innovation and firm productivity 28

Digitalisation, employment and management 32

Digitalisation and climate change 36

Policy recommendations 38

References 41

Austria (AT) 43

Belgium (BE) 44

Bulgaria (BG) 45

Croatia (HR) 46

Cyprus (CY) 47

Czech Republic (CZ) 48

Denmark (DK) 49

Estonia (EE) 50

Finland (FI) 51

France (FR) 52

Greece (EL) 54

Hungary (HU) 55

Ireland (IE) 56

Italy (IT) 57

Latvia (LV) 58

Lithuania (LT) 59

Luxembourg (LU) 60

Malta (MT) 61

Netherlands (NL) 62

Poland (PL) 63

Portugal (PT) 64

Romania (RO) 65

Slovakia (SK) 66

Slovenia (SI) 67

Spain (ES) 68

Sweden (SE) 69

Appendix: The EIB Corporate Digitalisation Index 70

Appendix: Comparing EIBIS to other data sources 71

Boxes

Box 1. Digital technologies in the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) 10