목차
Contents
Executive summary 4
Introduction 13
1 Unequal contributions to climate change 17
1.1 Why do inequalities in emissions matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Within-country carbon inequality explains the bulk of global carbon emissions inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Contrasted carbon inequality profiles in low and middle income countries. 25
1.4 Consumption and investment patterns drive unequal contributions to climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.5 Ending global poverty need not overshoot global carbon budgets . . . 39
2 Unequal impacts of climate change 46
2.1 Unequal exposure to extreme weather events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2 Unequal exposure to rising sea levels and floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3 Unequal exposure to diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4 GDP losses: climate change aggravates between-country inequality . . 66
2.5 Exposure, vulnerability and resilience: the distribution of climate damage 72
3 Tackling climate inequalities 87
3.1 Taking stock of mitigation & financial efforts to curb climate inequalities . 88
3.2 Progressive taxes to fill the climate funding gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3 Earning more, but also spending better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4 Towards an ecological welfare state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.5 Summary: An inequality check for climate & development policies . . . 126
Summary recommendations 129
Appendix 132
References 139
