List of issues and recommendations i

Glossary iv

Contents v

1. Introduction and structure of the work 1

2. Crisis management in the EU : towards an all - hazard, whole-of-society approach 5

3. Crisis management in the health domain : a bird's eye view of the reforms introduced after COVID-19 10
3.1 The new regulatory framework on cross - border health threats 10
3.2 Institutional reforms : stronger institutions and new bodies 15

4. Landscape of the EU's response to future health crises 20
4.1 Recognition of a public health emergency 23
4.2 Activation of the emergency framework for medical countermeasures 32
4.3 Termination of a public health emergency or an emergency framework 45
4.4 Measures other than medical countermeasures 46
4.5 Transversal issues : data, advisory mechanism and misinformation 52

5. Recommendations 59
5.1 Clarify and improve the current governance framework 59
5.2 Streamline scientific advisory mechanisms 63
5.3 Ensure a smooth flow of data and information relevant for emergency responses 66
5.4 Ensure adequate resources and tools for the supply of crisis - relevant medical countermeasures 67
5.5 Improve communication and tackle mis - and disinformation 70

6. Conclusion 77

References 79