Title page

Contents

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 4

2. Methodology and study sample description 7

2.1. Sampling methodology 7

2.2. Characteristics of the reviewed studies 8

3. Mechanisms of adaptation 9

3.1. Types of adaptation mechanisms in the reviewed studies 9

3.2. Adaptation by firms 10

3.3. Adaptation by households 12

3.4. Adaptation by farmers 13

4. Impact of adaptation 14

4.1. Meta-analysis methodology 15

4.2. Main estimates of the impact of adaptation 17

4.3. Heterogeneity in the impacts of adaptation 18

5. Conclusion 20

References 22

Table 1. Adaptation studies by region, agent, and journal type 34

Table 2. Adaptation studies by climate shock, agent, and journal type 34

Table 3. Adaptation studies by adaptation mechanism, agent, and journal type 35

Table 4. Adaptation studies by adaptation mechanism and agent for top journals 35

Table 5. Meta-regression estimates of firm effects 36

Figure 1. Studies over time 31

Figure 2. Estimates of the aggregate adaptation ratio 31

Figure 3. Distribution of adaptation ratios by agent type 32

Figure 4. All study adaptation ratios 32

Figure 5. Average adaptation ratios by agent type and adaptation mechanism 33