목차
Title page
Contents
KEY TAKEAWAYS 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3
Policy Recommendations for the United States 5
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 7
Blue Hydrogen 8
Green Hydrogen 11
TRANSPORTING AND STORING HYDROGEN 18
Transportation by Pipeline 19
Trucking Hydrogen 20
Seaborne Transportation 20
Storage 21
Solving for Hydrogen: A Different Approach to Transportation and Storage 22
MARKETS AND END USERS 23
Existing Markets for Hydrogen 23
New Markets for Hydrogen 24
The Swiss Army Knife of Decarbonization 39
A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR HYDROGEN 39
Systems 39
Green Hydrogen 40
Blue Hydrogen Production 40
Transportation and Storage 40
Market Transitions 41
THE REALIST CASE FOR HYDROGEN 41
Avoiding Hydrogen Pitfalls 42
Potential Pathways to Sustainable Hydrogen 44
A US POLICY AGENDA FOR HYDROGEN 46
APPENDIX: LEVELIZED COST OF ENERGY 48
ENDNOTES 49
Table 1. Green hydrogen technologies compared 13
Table 2. Storage options for hydrogen in a gaseous state 22
Table 3. Storage options for hydrogen in a liquid or solid state 22
Figure 1. Value chain for hydrogen, 2019 7
Figure 2. Blue hydrogen schematic 9
Figure 3. Carbon capture at Shutes Creek, WY 10
Figure 4. Green hydrogen production 12
Figure 5. Example of cost shares for 1 kilogram of hydrogen using PEM electrolysis (2019) 14
Figure 6. Volumetric energy density of different fuels 18
Figure 7. Delivery costs of hydrogen by scale and distance (price per kg) 19
Figure 8. Existing markets for hydrogen 23
Figure 9. Global GHG emissions by sector (no economically viable option for deep decarbonization) 25
Figure 10. PEM FCEV efficiency 26
Figure 11. Green steel technology 33
Figure 12. DRI annual production 35
Figure 13. Energy storage technologies by scale and duration 38
Figure 14. Lazard levelized cost of energy estimates, 2023 48
