Foreword 4

1 Recommendations 5

2 Executive summary 6

3 Introduction to this report 7
 What does this mean for the IWF 7
 What is the IWF and why has it produced this report? 8
 Remit and scope of this report 9
 Notes on terminology 9
 Outline and guide for readers 9

4 Generative artificial intelligence 10
 Image generation 11
 Closed-source and open-source models 14

5 Overview: from AI images to AI CSAM 15
 Content moderation 15
 AI pornography 16
 Viewing and assessing AI CSAM 17

6 Overview: technology and tools 19
 Choosing a model for pornography 19

7 AI CSAM: technology and tools 21
 Choosing a model for CSAM 21
 Generating images of known victims and famous children 22
 Generating AI CSAM: summary 23

8 AI CSAM: prevalence 24
 IWF reports 24
 Open web and social media 25
 Dark web forums 25
 Forum snapshot study: September 2023 26

9 AI CSAM: issues 31
 Realism 31
 Satisfaction 33
 Ethicality and legality 34
 Perpetrator pathways 35
 Guides to generating AI CSAM 36
 Commerciality 37

10 Detection and enforcement 39
 AI image detection 39
 Model types and model data 40
 AI CSAM, victim identification, and law enforcement 41

11 UK legislation 43
 Assessments 43 
 Guides 44
 Models 45

12 Summary: past, present, and future of AI CSAM 46

13 Glossary 47