Title page

Contents

KEY TAKEAWAYS 1

INTRODUCTION 2

REGIONAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS: ENGINES OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION 3

FROM TBED TO CEBED: THE REGIONAL MOMENT IN U.S. ENERGY AND CLIMATE INNOVATION POLICY 4

MEASURING STATE AND REGIONAL ENERGY INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS 7

THE INDEX 11

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17

APPENDIX 1: INDICATORS AND WEIGHTS 20

APPENDIX 2: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES 43

APPENDIX 3: SEARCH STRATEGIES 60

ENDNOTES 69

Table 1. Top and bottom states and their strengths and weaknesses in the 2021 index 11

Table 2. Top and bottom regions and their strengths and weaknesses in the 2021 Index 12

Table 3. Top ten states across five technology areas in 2021 13

Table 4. Top ten regions across five technology areas in 2021 14

Figure 1. Functional comparison of Massachusetts and South Carolina 15

Figure 2. Technological comparison of Massachusetts and South Carolina 16

Table A1.1. Low-carbon energy index indicators and weights 20

Table A1.2. Advanced energy materials index indicators and weights 21

Table A1.3. Bioenergy index indicators and weights 23

Table A1.4. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage index indicators and weights 24

Table A1.5. Low-carbon energy manufacturing index indicators and weights 26

Table A1.6. Low-carbon energy transportation index indicators and weights 27

Table A1.7. Energy efficiency index indicators and weights 29

Table A1.8. Energy storage index indicators and weights 30

Table A1.9. Geothermal energy index indicators and weights 32

Table A1.10. Grid technologies index indicators and weights 33

Table A1.11. Hydrogen and fuel cells index indicators and weights 35

Table A1.12. Nuclear energy index indicators and weights 36

Table A1.13. Solar energy index indicators and weights 38

Table A1.14. Water energy index indicators and weights 39

Table A1.15. Wind energy index indicators and weights 40

Table A3.1. Publication search strategies and categorization methods 60

Table A3.2. Patent search strategies and categorization methods 65