목차
Title page
Contents
Abstract 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Background, Estimation, and Data 8
2.1. The Start Aid Reform 8
2.2. Econometric Framework 10
2.3. Data 12
2.4. Age of first exposure to the reform 14
3. Results 15
3.1. Reform Effects on Skill Formation 16
3.2. Reform Effects on Educational Attainment and Earnings 19
3.3. Reform Effects on Adolescents' Crime 20
4. Overall Effects of the Reform 22
5. Conclusions 24
References 26
Appendix A 39
Appendix B. Appendix for Online Publication 55
Table 1. Sample summary and balancing tests 36
Table 2. Reform effect on refugees' 9th grade GPA, education, and earnings (1,000 USD) by age at time of exposure to the reform 37
Table 3. Reform effect on adolescents' crime in year 1, year 1-5, and year 1-10 after residency 38
Figure 1. Refugees' transfers and disposable income by timing of residency before/after reform 31
Figure 2. Reform effect on adults employment, labor earnigns, and transfer income, by time after residency and age of children 32
Figure 3. Refugees' GPA, crime, education, and earnings by timing of residency before/after reform 33
Figure 4. Heterogeneity in reform effect on 9th grade GPA and 6th grade language / reading test scores 34
Figure 5. Cost-benefit analysis of the reform, by years since residency 35
Table A.1. Balancing test, fraction that remigrate for children, all adults, and parents 46
Table A.2. Reform effects on all children in the sample 47
Table A.3. Balancing tests for child sample for each age-group of children 48
Table A.4. Reform effect on 9th grade GPA for refugees aged 0-14 at residency 49
Table A.5. Reform effect on refugees' outcomes by different specifications 50
Table A.6. Reform effect on completed education for refugees aged 0-14 at residency 51
Table A.7. Reform effect on earnings and work/study at age 17-18 for refugees in school age at reform exposure 52
Table A.8. Reform effect on adolescents' crime in year 1, year 1-5, and year 1-10 after residency, by gender 53
Table A.9. Reform effect on parents' and children's earnings and crime, by time since residency 54
Table B.1. Transfer rates (SoA and Start Aid) by residency before / after the reform 57
Figure A.1. Reform effect on adults labor market outcomes, by time after residency, age of children, and parents' gender 40
Figure A.2. Effects of reform on crime for adults, year 1 and 5 after residency, by parents' gender and age of children 41
Figure A.3. Reform effect on household disposable income per month, year 1 after residency 42
Figure A.4. Balancing of country of origin 43
Figure A.5. Comparing refugees' GPA and crime with predictions based on covariates 44
Figure A.6. Comparing refugees' years of schooling and earnings with predictions based on covariates 45
