Title page

Contents

Summary 2

Introduction 4

The Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) in Balancing Emissions and Stabilizing Temperature 5

Temperature Stabilization and Net-Zero Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Emissions 5

The Role of CDR in Temperature Stabilization 6

The Role of CDR in Compensating for Hard-to-Abate Residual Emissions 7

Types of CDR 8

Nature-Based CDR Using Agriculture and Forestry 8

Agriculture-Based CDR 8

Forestry-Based CDR 9

Ocean-Based CDR 9

Technology-Based CDR 10

Direct Air Capture 10

Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage 10

Emerging CDR Approaches 11

Potential Effectiveness, Feasibility, Side Effects, and Co-benefits of CDR 11

Risks to Effectiveness 12

Feasibility Concerns 12

Potential Side Effects 14

Potential Advantages and Co-benefits 15

CDR and U.S. International Climate Commitments 16

Congressional Actions 17

Early Congressional Action in Support of CDR 17

The 117th Congress 17

The 118th Congress 19

Considerations for Congress 21

Author Information 22

Disclaimer 22