Executive summary 1

1 Introduction 2
2 The efficient use of data as a production factor 4
3 Potential data-market efficiency gains in EU data regulations 5
    3.1 The GDPR 5
    3.2 The European Health Data Space (EHDS) 6
    3.3 The Data Act 7
    3.4 The Digital Markets Act (DMA) 8
    3.5 The AI Act 9
4 Conclusion: finding a balance between private rights and social benefits 10

References 11