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State of the global climate 2024
(2024년 세계 기후 현황)

□ 세계기상기구(WMO)가 3월 19일(현지 시간) 공개한 「2024 세계 기후 현황 보고서」에 따르면, 지난해 지구 평균기온은 산업화 이전(1850~1900년)보다 약 1.55도 상승함
 - 이는 175년간의 지구 평균기온 관측 기록 가운데 최고치임

□ 보고서는 “작년 인간 활동에 의한 기후변화의 뚜렷한 징후들이 일제히 정점을 찍었다”면서 작년이 가장 더운 해가 될 수밖에 없었던 주요 지표들을 소개함
 - 주요 온실가스인 이산화탄소의 농도가 최고치에 달해, 지난 80만 년 중 가장 높은 수준에 이르렀다고 설명함
 - 바닷속 열에너지 총량을 지칭하는 해양 열량은 2017년부터 작년까지 매년 역대 최고치를 경신함
 - 북극 해빙의 면적은 지난 18년간 역대 최저치 기록을 매년 새로 썼으며, 남극 해빙도 지난 3년간 최저 기록을 경신해왔음

□ 지구 평균기온이 산업화 이전 대비 1.5도 이상 오른 것도 작년이 처음임
 - 국제사회는 2015년 파리기후변화협약 당사국 총회
(COP21)에서 산업화 이전보다 지구 평균기온 상승 폭을 2도 밑으로 유지하여 1.5도 이하로 제한하기 위해 노력한다는 목표를 세운 바 있으나, 제한선이 지난해 깨짐
 - 셀레스테 사울로 WMO 사무총장은 “장기적인 온난화 억제 목표 달성이 불가능해진 건 아니다”며 “작년에 나타난 현상은 지구에 위험이 증가하고 있다는 경고로 봐야 할 것”이라고 언급함 


[출처] 세계기상기구 “2024년 지표·바다·대기서 온난화 기록 속출” (2025.03.19.) / 연합뉴스

목차

Title page 1

Contents 3

Foreword 4

Key indicator 5

Atmospheric carbon dioxide 5

Global mean near-surface temperature 7

Ocean heat content 9

Global mean sea level 11

Ocean pH 13

Glacier mass balance 15

Sea-ice extent 17

Climate driver - El Niño-Southern Oscillation 19

Global patterns oftemperature and precipitation 21

TEMPERATURE 21

PRECIPITATION 22

High-impact events 23

Monitoring global temperature for the Paris Agreement 25

Global mean surface temperature anomalies in 2023/2024: Towards understanding the influencing factors 27

Datasets and methods 29

List of contributors 35

Endnotes 38

Tables 30

Table 1. Global mean temperature anomalies for individual datasets for 2024 for four different baselines 30

Table 2. NSIDC values compared with EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility figures for 2024 32

Figures 5

Figure 1. Annual mean globally averaged atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide from 1984 to 2023 in parts per million (ppm) 5

Figure 2. Annual global mean temperature anomalies relative to a pre-industrial (1850-1900) baseline shown from 1850 to 2024 7

Figure 3. Annual global ocean heat content down to 2000 m depth for the period 1960-2024, in zettajoules (10²¹ J). The shaded area indicates the 2-sigma... 9

Figure 4. Seasonal global mean sea level change from 1993 shown for 1993-2024. The seasonal cycle has been removed from thedata. The shaded area... 11

Figure 5. Annual global mean surface ocean pH 1985 to 2023. The dark line is the central estimate and the shaded area is the uncertainty range 13

Figure 6. Cumulative annual mass balance of reference glaciers with more than 30 years of ongoing glaciological measurements. Annual mass change values... 15

Figure 7. Monthly Arctic (left) and Antarctic (right) sea-ice extent anomalies (difference from the 1991-2020 average) in millions of square kilometres... 17

Figure 8. Typical El Niño seasonal precipitation effects for January to June based on various sources, see Datasets and methods. Note this is not a forecast;... 19

Figure 9. Annual average temperature anomalies relative to the 1991-2020 average. The values shown are the median of six global temperature datasets 21

Figure 10. Annual precipitation 2024 expressed as percentiles of the 1991-2020 distribution. Brown areas are unusually dry. Green areas are unusually wet 22

Figure 11. Three methods for establishing an up-to-date estimate of current global warming as of 2024, compared with theIPCC AR6 method,... 26

Figure 12. (a) Annual global mean temperature. Estimates of relative temperature residuals for (b) 2023 and (d) 2024 attributable to ENSO and four distinct forcings... 27

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