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Title page 1
Contents 1
Background 2
What are air defence systems? 4
Aerial threats 5
Current UK capabilities 9
Air defence capability gaps 11
Modernising aerial defence 15
Outcomes of the Strategic Defence Review 2025 21
International examples 22
Appendix: upgrades and replacements to UK air defence 25
References 28
Tables 7
Table 1. Types of ballistic missile 7
Table 2. Current UK air defence capabilities 9
Table 3. Alliances and collaborations 19
Table 4. Israel air defence system 22
Table 5. US air defence systems 23
Table 6. Upgrades and replacements to the UK's air defence capabilities 25
Figures 18
Figure 1. UK IAMD alliances and collaborations 18
Figure 2. Fighter jet generations 21
Boxes 6
Box 1. Drone use in the Russia-Ukraine conflict 6
Box 2. Russian missiles 7