목차
LIST OF BOXES 6
LIST OF FIGURES 6
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14
1. INTRODUCTION 16
2. OVERVIEW OF THE CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS 17
2.1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 17
2.2. The Paris Agreement 18
2.2.1. Goals of the Paris Agreement 18
2.2.2. Mitigation 19
2.2.3. Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 20
2.2.4. Adaptation 20
2.2.5. Loss and damage 21
2.2.6. Support 21
2.2.7. Education, training and public awareness 22
2.2.8. Transparency and reporting by Parties 22
2.2.9. Global stocktake 23
2.2.10. Committee to facilitate implementation of the Paris Agreement 24
2.2.11. Overview of key milestones in the implementation of the Paris Agreement 24
3. TOPICS ADDRESSED IN THE CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS AND MAIN ISSUES AT STAKE AT COP30 26
3.1. Mitigation 26
3.1.1. Communication of new NDCs 26
3.1.2. Mitigation ambition and implementation work programme 27
3.1.3. United Arab Emirates’ Just Transition Work Programme 28
3.1.4. Further guidance on features of the NDCs 30
3.2. Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 30
3.2.1. Overview of the current rulebook 30
3.2.2. Issues at stake at COP30 in Belém 32
3.3. Adaptation 33
3.4. Loss and damage 36
3.5. Support 38
3.5.1. Finance 38
3.5.2. Technology 43
3.5.3. Capacity building 44
3.6. Education, training and public awareness 45
3.7. Transparency and reporting by Parties 45
3.8. The Global Stocktake 46
3.9. The Committee to facilitate implementation of the Paris Agreement 48
3.10. Other topics under the UNFCCC 49
3.10.1. Local communities and indigenous peoples 49
3.10.2. Gender and climate change 49
3.10.3. Agriculture and food security 50
3.10.4. Research and systematic observation 50
4. SECTORIAL AGREEMENTS AND INITIATIVES 51
4.1. International aviation and maritime transport 51
4.1.1. International aviation 51
4.1.2. International maritime transport 53
4.2. International initiatives in the energy sector 56
4.2.1. Hydrogen and other low-carbon fuels 56
4.2.2. Initiatives to reduce methane emissions 58
4.3. The role of carbon removals 59
5. COUNTRY PROFILES OF KEY PARTIES 61
5.1. Brazil (COP30 presidency) 63
5.2. Bangladesh 65
5.3. China 66
5.4. Colombia 67
5.5. European Union 68
5.6. India 69
5.7. Japan 71
5.8. Maldives 71
5.9. Mexico 72
5.10. Nigeria 73
5.11. Philippines 74
5.12. Saudi Arabia 75
5.13. South Africa 76
5.14. Uganda 77
5.15. United Arab Emirates 78
5.16. United States 79
6. STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NEGOTIATIONS 81
6.1. Groups of Parties 81
6.2. Non-Party stakeholders 83
6.2.1. United Nations system and its specialised agencies 84
6.2.2. Intergovernmental organisations 85
6.2.3. Non-governmental organisations 85
7. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 87
7.1. Mitigation: addressing the ambition gap 87
7.2. Adaptation: addressing the information gap 88
7.3. Support: addressing the finance gap 88
7.4. Other challenges at COP30 88
7.5. Outlook 89
REFERENCES 90
LIST OF BOXES
Box 1: Milestones in the implementation of the Paris Agreement 25
Box 2: Impacts of the implementation of response measures 29
Box 3: The Draft Net Zero Framework of the IMO 55
Box 4: The seventh assessment cycle of the IPCC 84
Box 5: Decision on the host country of COP31 89
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Articles of the Paris Agreement 19
Figure 2: UAE Framework – thematic targets by 2030 and progressively beyond 34
Figure 3: Targets related to the dimensions of the iterative adaptation cycle 35
Figure 4: Historical and future development of CO2 emissions from international aviation 52
Figure 5: Historical and projected CO2 emissions of international maritime transport 54
Figure 6: Map of announced low-emissions hydrogen production projects, 2024 56
Figure 7: Non-Party stakeholders: number of admitted organisations 83
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The main bodies meeting at each COP 17
Table 2: Goals of the Paris Agreement 18
Table 3: Key documents submitted by Parties under the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC 23
Table 4: Overview of topics addressed under the Mitigation Ambition and Implementation Work Programme 28
Table 5: Overview of topics discussed under the Just Transition Work Programme 29
Table 6: Selected messages from the outcome of the first Global Stocktake 47
Table 7: GHG emissions and NDC targets of selected Parties 61
