목차
Title page 1
Contents 7
Foreword 4
Acknowledgements 5
Abbreviations and acronyms 11
Executive summary 13
1. Evaluating development co-operation during the COVID-19 crisis 15
1.1. The economic context of the pandemic 16
1.2. The health and socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and the response 17
1.3. The context of international development co-operation 19
1.4. The need for and aims of a strategic joint evaluation 21
1.5. Evaluation approach and design 23
References 27
Notes 31
2. Global solidarity in the face of the COVID-19 crisis: Funding and types of international assistance 32
2.1. COVID-19 global response timeline and architecture 33
2.2. International development co-operation and humanitarian assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic 34
2.3. Focus of international assistance by sector and country 40
2.4. Funding channels and financial flows during the crisis 44
2.5. Funding for vaccines and vaccination rollouts 52
2.6. Philanthropic funding 56
References 57
Notes 62
3. Doing the right things: The relevance of the international COVID-19 response 63
3.1. Understanding relevance in a crisis context 64
3.2. Identifying needs and priorities during the pandemic 65
3.3. Learning during and from the crisis response 69
3.4. Alignment of international assistance to COVID-19 crisis needs 73
References 86
Note 92
4. Working together: Coherence of the international COVID crisis response 93
4.1. Global coherence of the COVID-19 response 94
4.2. Policy coherence for sustainable development 100
4.3. Co-ordinating international assistance within provider governments 102
4.4. Co-ordination at country-level 104
References 107
Notes 111
5. Effectiveness: Achieving the objectives of international support for the COVID crisis response 112
5.1. Preconditions for achieving results: Adequacy of funding to meet crisis-related needs 113
5.2. Supporting health and strengthening health systems 114
5.3. Humanitarian assistance before, during and after the pandemic 121
5.4. Alleviation of the socio-economic effects of the pandemic 123
5.5. Reaching vulnerable parts of the population 129
5.6. Equitable access to vaccines 133
5.7. Engaging with civil society for an effective response 140
References 144
Notes 152
6. Using resources well: The efficiency and timeliness of COVID-19 assistance efforts 153
6.1. Timeliness of the crisis response 154
6.2. Flexibility and adaptation to meet needs and priorities 156
6.3. Challenges to flexibility and timeliness 158
6.4. Cost effectiveness of development co-operation and the humanitarian response 162
References 164
7. Learning from the COVID-19 crisis: Eight key lessons for international co-operation 168
7.1. Overall reflections on responding effectively to a global crisis 169
7.2. Eight lessons from the pandemic response 170
7.3. Lessons on evaluation, learning and collaboration 178
7.4. Future considerations for humanitarian and development co-operation 179
References 179
Annex A. COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition 180
Annex B. Methodology 182
Annex C. Additional data and charts 189
Figures 8
Figure 1.1. Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths, World, 2020-2022 19
Figure 2.1. Financial flows to developing countries, all official providers and philanthropic foundations, 2010-2023 36
Figure 2.2. Total volume of official development assistance, including COVID-19-related, 2016-2023 37
Figure 2.3. Annual percentage changes in total ODA and GNI, 2019-2020 38
Figure 2.4. Official development assistance with a gender objective, DAC members, 2012-2023 39
Figure 2.5. Official development assistance with a disability objective, DAC members, 2018-2023 40
Figure 2.6. Volume of official development finance, by sector, 2016-2023 41
Figure 2.7. Official development finance to least developed countries, by sector, 2016-2023 43
Figure 2.8. Official development assistance per capita, by income group, 2016-2023 44
Figure 2.9. Official development assistance by bilateral and multilateral channels 45
Figure 2.10. Official development finance disbursed through different channels, 2016-2023 47
Figure 2.11. Official development assistance loans by provider group, 2016-2023 48
Figure 2.12. Figure Official development assistance via grants by provider group, 2016-2023 51
Figure 2.13. COVID-19-related official development assistance and vaccine funding, 2020-2022 53
Figure 2.14. Disbursements for vaccines in official development assistance, by income group, 2021-2022 53
Figure 2.15. Disbursements for vaccines in official development assistance, by region, 2021-2022 54
Figure 2.16. Philanthropy's contribution to the international COVID-19 response 56
Figure 3.1. Overview of the Netherlands' COVID-19 aid package allocations by objective, 2020-2022 65
Figure 3.2. Distribution of Turkish medical aid across countries during the pandemic 74
Figure 3.3. General and COVID-19 related budget support, 2016-2023 77
Figure 3.4. Official development assistance to countries in need, 2010-2023 81
Figure 3.5. Official development assistance received as a percentage of GNI, 2016-2023 82
Figure 5.1. Key purposes of health sector official development finance, 2016-2023 118
Figure 5.2. Humanitarian aid within official development finance, 2016-2023 123
Figure 5.3. COVID-19 vaccination doses administered, by income group, 2020-2023 136
Figure 5.4. Secured vaccines or expected vaccine supply, 2022 137
Figure 5.5. Official development assistance for NGOs and CSOs from all official providers, 2016-2023 141
Figure 6.1. Work-related strains and adequacy of IMF response 161
Boxes 9
Box 1.1. Children and the COVID-19 pandemic 19
Box 1.2. The COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition 21
Box 1.3. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic 22
Box 1.4. Measuring COVID-19 support in the OECD Creditor Reporting System 26
Box 2.1. Up close: Saudi Arabia's COVID-19-related assistance 51
Box 2.2. The World Bank's support to the COVID-19 response 52
Box 3.1. France's health response to the pandemic 68
Box 3.2. USAID's iterative process to analysing the impacts of the pandemic 69
Box 3.3. UNAIDS lessons from HIV for an effective, community-led COVID-19 response 72
Box 3.4. The Coalition's work to feed evidence into the pandemic response 73
Box 3.5. The New Development Bank's COVID-19 fast track support 75
Box 3.6. New Zealand's budget support to Pacific governments for a rapid COVID-19 response 79
Box 3.7. Relevance - a focus on gender in Georgia 84
Box 3.8. Ireland's crisis response: Putting the furthest behind first 85
Box 4.1. Responding to the COVID-19 crisis in the Latin America and Caribbean region 97
Box 4.2. International solidarity during the crisis: Public opinion in Germany 102
Box 5.1. Effective island-to-island health support for Cabo Verde 118
Box 5.2. WHO's COVID-19 response in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 119
Box 5.3. International assistance for addressing immediate health needs in Lebanon 119
Box 5.4. Health financing trends 121
Box 5.5. The World Bank's approach to addressing health and social needs 125
Box 5.6. The African Development's Bank support in Kenya 125
Box 5.7. Addressing socio-economic needs in Lebanon: Relevant and effective, but insufficient 126
Box 5.8. A strong socio-economic response in Cambodia: Leveraging the IDPoor system 127
Box 5.9. Protection of refugee rights during the pandemic 131
Box 5.10. Gender and equity mainstreaming for inclusive access 132
Box 5.11. Organisational enablers of disability inclusion in WHO 132
Box 5.12. Pursuing human Rights, Gender Equality, Inclusion and Leaving No-One Behind 133
Box 5.13. Lessons on the COVAX Facility and Advanced Market Commitment (AMC) 134
Box 5.14. Cambodia's successful "Blossom Plan": Using international assistance to effectively meet vaccination needs 139
Box 5.15. The contribution of civil society to the COVID-19 response in Kenya 142
Box 5.16. Leveraging CSO networks to deliver assistance: The case of Nepal 142
Box 5.17. Missed opportunities for a more effective response in Burkina Faso 143
Box 6.1. Efficient funding provisions to Kenya for a rapid COVID-19 response 155
Box 6.2. Partnering to strike the right balance for relevance and timeliness in Bangladesh 156
Box 6.3. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's rapid COVID-19 response 156
Box 6.4. Responding to the crisis in Bolivia: Experiences from Switzerland, Canada and Sweden 160
Box 7.1. Eight lessons for international development co-operation and humanitarian assistance 170
Annex Tables 9
Table A.1. Participants in the COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition and Core Group 180
Table A.2. Steering Group of the Strategic Joint Evaluation 181
Table B.1. Evaluation questions 184
Annex Figures 9
Figure B.1. Evaluation modules 185
Figure C.1. Official development finance to Africa, by sector, 2016-2023 190
Figure C.2. Official development finance to Americas, by sector, 2016-2023 190
Figure C.3. Official development finance to Asia, by sector, 2016-2023 191
Figure C.4. Official development finance to Europe, by sector, 2016-2023 191
Figure C.5. Official development finance to least developed countries, by sector, 2016-2023 192
Figure C.6. Official development finance to lower-middle-income countries, by sector, 2016-2023 193
Figure C.7. Official development finance to upper-middle-income countries, by sector, 2016-2023 193
Figure C.8. Official development finance from France, by sector, 2016-2023 194
Figure C.9. Official development finance from Germany, by sector, 2016-2023 195
Figure C.10. Official development finance from the Netherlands, by sector, 2016-2023 195
Figure C.11. Official development finance from New Zealand, by sector, 2016-2023 196
Figure C.12. Official development finance from Saudi Arabia, by sector, 2016-2023 196
Figure C.13. Official development finance from Spain, by sector, 2016-2023 197
Figure C.14. Official development finance from the United States, by sector, 2016-2023 197
Figure C.15. Official development finance to Bangladesh, by sector, 2016-2023 198
Figure C.16. Official development finance to Burkina Faso, by sector, 2016-2023 199
Figure C.17. Official development finance to Cabo Verde, by sector, 2016-2023 199
Figure C.18. Official development finance to Cambodia, by sector, 2016-2023 200
Figure C.19. Official development finance to Georgia, by sector, 2016-2023 200
Figure C.20. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023 201
Figure C.21. Volume of official development finance to Lebanon, by sector, 2016-2023 201
Figure C.22. Official development finance to Nicaragua, by sector, 2016-2023 202
