I. Introduction 2

II. Methodology and standard of proof 3

III. December 2025 protests and Government response 3

A. Use of force resulting in deaths and injuries 4

B. Hospitals and morgues 6

C. Arrests, detention, and emerging reports of secret executions 6

D. Root causes 7

IV. Israel – Iran conflict 7

V. Intensification of measures of repression during and after the June 2025 hostilities 9

A. Arrests, detention and criminal prosecution for protected conduct 9

B. Digital space 10

C. Use of force at checkpoints and during raids 10

D. Impact on ethnic and religious minorities 10

VI. Death penalty 11

A. Legal developments 11

B. Factual findings 12

VII. Continuous discrimination against women and girls in law and in practice 13

A. Arrests and detention of women human rights defenders 13

B. Continuous enforcement of the mandatory hijab 14

C. Violations of women’s right to life 14

D. Deportation and expulsion from Iran of Afghans, including women 15

VIII. Transnational repression 15

A. Alleged State involvement and targeted individuals 15

B. Impact on victims and families 16

IX. Legal findings 16

A. International humanitarian law (IHL) 16

B. International human rights law 16

C. Crimes 17

X. Conclusion 17