About the Author iv

Acronyms and Abbreviations iv

Executive Summary 1

Introduction: A Fluid and Fragmented Geopolitical Landscape 4

The IP Rules-Based Order and Its Economic Impacts 9

IP as a Retaliatory or Rebalancing Tool 21

IP in Renegotiations or the Resolution of a Trade War 32

IP in Economic Restructuring and Innovation Policy Shifts 37

Conclusion: Canada’s Strategic Priorities 46

Works Cited 51