The Committee Membership 2

Order of Reference 4

Executive Summary 6

Chapter One: The Context for Disinformation 6

Chapter Two: Russia’s Dissemination of Disinformation 6

Chapter Three: Ways to Address Russia’s Disinformation 7

Conclusion 8

List of Recommendations 9

Introduction 12

Chapter One: The Context for Disinformation 13

Disinformation as a public policy issue 13

Disinformation efforts, approaches and objectives by Russia and others 14

Some disinformation-related tools and platforms 15

Vulnerability to disinformation 16

Chapter Two: Russia’s Dissemination of Disinformation 17

Strategic objectives and principal “narratives” 17

Reliance on others and various tools 19

The use of disinformation against Ukraine 21

Disinformation targeting Canada 22

Some implications for Canada 23

Chapter Three: Ways to Address Russia’s Disinformation 25

The Government of Canada’s approach 25

A whole-of-society approach 28

Freedom of expression and disinformation 30

Legislative tools 31

Fact-checking and prebunking 33

Education 34

The Committee’s Conclusions and Recommendations 35

Appendix A – Witnesses 41

Appendix B – Documents 44