Title page 1

Contents 4

1. International trade in critical raw materials and export restrictions 5

2. Key trends in the use of export restrictions up to 2024 7

Key insights on export restrictions adopted in 2024 8

Key facts on export restrictions adopted over 2009-2024 12

3. Implications 18

4. About the OECD Inventory on Export Restrictions on Critical Raw Materials 19

Data sources collection process 19

Product coverage 19

Country coverage 20

Types of measures covered 21

References 23

Notes 24

In this series 26

Table 4.1. Products covered in the Inventory 20

Table 4.2. Countries covered in the Inventory 20

Table 4.3. Measures restricting exports included in the Inventory 21

Figure 2.1. Export restrictions increased fivefold over 2009-2024 7

Figure 2.2. Raw materials saw a significant spike in price in 2022 and 2023, followed by normalisation in 2024 8

Figure 2.3. Five countries accounted for more than half of the new restrictions on raw minerals introduced over 2009-2024 9

Figure 2.4. A diverse group of countries contributed to the introduction of new export restrictions on raw materials in 2024 10

Figure 2.5. For some materials the global incidence of export restrictions increased by more than 10% 11

Figure 2.6. Export restrictions on ores and minerals increased more rapidly than those in other segments of the CRM supply chain 12

Figure 2.7. Some raw materials have experienced a sharp increase in export restrictions 13

Figure 2.8. More than 20% of trade in certain key minerals faced at least one export restriction over 2022-2024 14

Figure 2.9. Some countries source a significant share of raw materials from countries imposing export restrictions 15

Figure 2.10. While licensing requirements and export taxes are the most common measures, export prohibitions have increased in recent years 16

Figure 2.11. Licensing requirements and exports taxes were the most commonly introduced measures in 2023-2024 16

Figure 2.12. Generating government revenue is the fastest growing officially stated purpose of export restrictions and the most stated purpose of... 17