Foreword vii

Acknowledgements viii

Abbreviations x

Key findings xi

Setting the scene xv

Structure of this document xix

Summary xx

Section A THE FOOD ENVIRONMENT 1

Key concepts 2

Summary 2

• 1.Conceptual framework describing food environments 5

• 2.Typologies of food environments 6

• 3.The status of evidence on food environments 7

  References 8

Section B TRENDS IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND 11

Key findings 12

Summary 12

• 1.Data sources and methods 15

• 2.Global production and supply 16

• 3.Regional supply considerations 19

• 4.Loss and waste of terrestrial animal source food 25

• 5.Global and regional trade 27

• 6.Cost and affordability 36

• 7.Foresight and emerging challenges 40

• 8.Evidence gaps and research needs 46

  References 47

Section C A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE 51

Key findings 52

Key gaps in the evidence 53

Summary 53

• 1.Methods and concepts 55

• 2.Assessment of evidence on the food environment 61

  2.1 Availability 65

  2.1.1 Evidence from Northern American food environments 67

  2.1.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 70

  2.1.3 The role of small-scale livestock production in improving nutrition 71

  2.2 Vendor and product properties 76

  2.2.1 Evidence from high-income countries 77

  2.2.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 77

  2.3 Food safety 78

  2.4 Marketing and regulation 81

  2.4.1 Evidence from high-income countries 82

  2.4.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 83

  2.5 Price 84

  2.5.1 Evidence from high-income countries 84

  2.5.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 85

  2.6 Accessibility 85

  2.7 Affordability 87

  2.7.1 Evidence from high-income countries 88

  2.7.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 89

  2.8 Convenience 94

  2.9 Desirability 95

  2.9.1 Evidence from high-income countries 96

  2.9.2 Evidence from low- and middle-income countries 98

• 3.Evidence gaps and research needs 101

  References 103

Section C A REVIEW OF POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENTS RELATED TO FOOD ENVIRONMENTS 121

Key findings 122

Nexus of evidence from research and policy 122

Summary 123

• 1.Methods and data 125

• 2.Assessment of policy and legislative documents 127

  2.1 Classification of policy and legislative documents by theme 130

  2.2 Food environment dimensions featured in policy and legislative documents 137

  2.3 The contributions of terrestrial animal source food to school feeding programmes 140

• 3.The nexus of evidence from the research and policy spheres 143

• 4.Current gaps and future areas of focus 147

  References 148

GLOSSARY 156

References 165

BOXES

• 1.What is terrestrial animal source food? xvi

• 2.Food groups and subgroups related to terrestrial animal source food xvii

  A1. Food environment typologies 6

  B1. Consumption of insects - a cultural preference in some geographic regions 24

  B2. Terrestrial animal source food in Uruguay's National Strategy for the Prevention and Reduction of Food Loss and Waste 26

  B3. Trade of live animals 29

  B4. Export of lower-value meat cuts from the European Union to Western Africa: trends and potential trade-offs 35

  B5. Cell-cultured meat: market potential and consumer perspectives 45

  C1. Search string strategy: Web of Science, Medline via Web of Science and EconLit via EBSCOhost 56

  C2. Glossary of research methods used in this scoping review 60

  C3. Retail shop typology and fat content for milk and meat used in studies featuring Northern American food environments 65

  C4. Supporting indigenous honey-hunting communities 76

  C5. Milk dispensaries in Kenya 80

  C6. The role of social media in sales of meat from wild animals 81

D1. School feeding programmes in Ethiopia 141

D2. The role of terrestrial animal source food in school meals in India 142