K-Defence: South Korean Defence Policy and Arms Exports

(한국의 국방 정책과 무기 수출)

□ 연구 목적

 ㅇ 스웨덴 국방연구청(FOI)은 한국이 주요 무기수출국으로 성장한 배경 경쟁력을 분석함

 ㅇ 한국의 안보환경, 방위획득 체계, 산업구조, 수출전략을 종합적으로 검토하고 유럽 안보에 대한 함의를 도출함


□ 한국의 방위산업 발전과 주요 배경

 ㅇ 한국 지난 5년간 세계 방위산업시장의 3%를 점유함*

    - 이는 25년 전보다 약 40배 증가한 수준으로 분석됨

    - 2024년 한국 방위산업 매출 26조7,740억 원 중 약 25%는 국제 판매에서 발생함

    - 수출량은 2010년 대비 약 5배, 25년 전 대비 약 40배 증가함

 ㅇ 북한의 군사·핵 위협은 한국이 대규모 군사력과 국내 무기 생산기반을 유지하게 만든 핵심 요인으로 제시됨

 ㅇ 한미동맹은 한국 안보의 핵심축이지만, 미국의 안보공약에 대한 불확실성은 자주국방과 국내 방위산업 육성을 촉진한 배경으로 분석됨

 ㅇ 한국 방위정책의 주요 과제미중 경쟁, 경제안보, 공급망 문제 등 새로운 안보환경

      SIPRI Arms Transfers Database 및 방위사업청 통계 기준


□ 한국 방위산업 구조와 경쟁력

1) 산업 및 획득 체계

 ㅇ 국내 조달 우선 원칙과 방위사업청(DAPA) 중심의 획득 체계가 방위산업 발전의 기반으로 작용함

 ㅇ 방산기업은 지상·해양·항공우주·지휘통제체계 분야를 중심으로 성장했으며, 정부 정책과 긴밀히 연계된 구조를 형성함


2) 경쟁력과 한계

 ㅇ 강점: 대규모 생산능력, 짧은 납기, 가격 경쟁력, 국내 수요 기반

 ㅇ 장기 과제: 일부 핵심기술과 부품의 해외 의존, 정책 연속성 부족


□ 무기수출 확대와 K-방산 브랜딩

 ㅇ 한국 무기수출 확대 배경: 방산기반 축적, 방위획득 개혁, 세계 무기수요 증가가 결합한 결과

 ㅇ 주요 경쟁력: 빠른 납기, 대량 공급, 구매국 맞춤형 수출, 기술협력, 현지 생산 등

 ㅇ K-방산(K-defence)한국 방위산업 전체가 동일한 전략을 공유한다는 이미지를 바탕으로, 무기체계 공급부터 기술협력·현지 생산까지 제공하는 ‘원스톱 수출 파트너’(one-stop shop)로 홍보하는 브랜딩


□ 폴란드와의 방산 계약과 유럽 안보에 대한 함의

 ㅇ 폴란드와의 방산 계약은 한국 방산의 유럽시장 진출을 보여주는 대표 사례로 제시됨

 ㅇ 한국은 우크라이나 전쟁 이후 유럽의 전력 보강 수요에 대응할 수 있는 공급자로 평가됨

 ㅇ 한계 및 고려사항유럽 국가의 기술이전 및 현지 생산 요구, 공급망 의존성유럽 방산기반과의 경쟁 문제


[관련 자료]
스웨덴어 원문본 - "K-Defense": sydkoreansk försvarspolitik- och export (2026.01.22.)

목차

1. Introduction 13

 1.1 Aim and research question 13

 1.2 Methods and materials 14

 1.3 Definitions and delimitations 15

 1.4 Reading guide 16


2. The pillars of South Korean security policy 17

 2.1 A rabbit, tiger, or shrimp among whales? 17

 2.2 Legacies of the Korean War in domestic politics 19

2.2.1 The declaration of martial law in December 2024 22

 2.3 The North Korean threat 24

2.3.1 North Korea’s two-state policy 27

 2.4 The US–ROK defence alliance 28

 2.4.1 The alliance is born 28

 2.4.2 The Nixon doctrine and the take-off of the defence industry 29

 2.4.3 A more symmetrical relationship 29

 2.4.4 Growing distrust and the Korean nuclear weapons debate 30

 2.4.5 The alliance’s current status and hot issues under Trump 2.0 31

 2.5 New challenges 32

 2.5.1 Regional instability and China as a security threat 33

 2.5.2 Economic security 34

 2.5.3 At a foreign-policy crossroads 35

 2.6 Summary 38


3. Defence economics, capabilities, and acquisitions 39

 3.1 Military expenditure and economic outlook 39

 3.2 The ROK Armed Forces 41

 3.2.1 Command structure 42

 3.2.2 The three armed services 42

 3.2.3 Personnel supply 44

 3.2.4 Host-nation support and international missions 44

 3.3 Capability development and materiel supply 44

 3.3.1 State actors in the procurement process 45

 3.3.2 Materiel supply strategy 47

 3.3.3 Distribution, trends, and challenges in materiel supply 48

 3.3.4 Prioritised areas of force improvement 50

 3.4 Challenges to defence sector development 52

 3.4.1 Financial challenges 52

 3.4.2 Social challenges 52

 3.4.3 Technological challenges 53

 3.4.4 Security policy challenges 53

 3.5 Summary 54


4. Defence industry 55

 4.1 An overview of the defence industry 55

 4.2 Central commercial actors 57

 4.2.1 The ground domain 57

 4.2.2 The maritime domain 59

 4.2.3 The aerospace domain 59

 4.2.4 Sensors and C4I 60

 4.3 Political governance and legal frameworks 60

 4.3.1 The chaebol system 60

 4.3.2 State ownership 62

 4.3.3 Political signalling 63

 4.4 Summary 64


5. Arms exports 67

 5.1 Export volumes and noteworthy sales 68

 5.1.1 Materiel categories 69

 5.1.2 Delivery times 70

 5.1.3 Regional distribution 72

 5.2 Legal frameworks related to arms exports 73

 5.3 Success factors 74

 5.3.1 Growth expectations 75

 5.4 Export promotion strategies 77

 5.4.1 Tailored offers 78

 5.4.2 Cooperation in research and development 79

 5.4.3 Innovation 79

 5.4.4 Joint marketing 79

 5.5 Case study: the Poland deal 80

 5.5.1 Success factors 81

 5.5.2 Setbacks 82

 5.5.3 Opportunities and limitations of the next Big Deal 83

 5.6 Summary 83

 5.7 Final reflections on South Korea’s competitiveness in arms exports 84

 5.7.1 Performance and functionality 84

 5.7.2 Order volumes, delivery times, and pricing 85

 5.7.3 Market access 86

 5.7.4 Business reputation 87

 5.7.5 Future prospects 87


6. Conclusion 89

 6.1 Implications for European security 90


References 93


Appendices 107

 Appendix 1: Domestically produced materiel in the ROKAF’s equipment inventory 107

 Appendix 2: prioritised technology areas 108

 Appendix 3: licensed defence contractors 109

해시태그

#한국방위산업 #무기수출 #안보정책 #국방개혁 #K-방산 #방산공급망 #기술혁신

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K-Defence: South Korean Defence Policy and Arms Exports

(한국의 국방 정책과 무기 수출)

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