Title page 1

Contents 8

Résumé 5

Abstract 6

Acknowledgements 7

Executive summary 10

Synthèse 12

Zusammenfassung 14

1. Introduction 16

2. Automation, productivity, skills and opportunities 17

Monitoring the impact of AI on the labour market 18

Encouraging the use of AI 19

Skills development 21

Other types of support and AI in employment services 22

3. Privacy and data protection 24

Privacy and data protection frameworks 24

Assessments and certification 28

Security measures and privacy safeguards 28

Promoting compliance 29

4. Non-discrimination in the labour market 31

AI tools to prevent discrimination and promote accessibility 32

Non-discrimination frameworks 32

Assessments, audits, data quality management, certification and training 33

Promoting compliance 36

5. Occupational Safety and Health 37

Promoting the development of AI tools for OSH 37

Monitoring the impact of AI on OSH 38

OSH framework 38

Risk assessments, certification, and raising awareness 39

Promoting compliance 39

6. Transparency, explainability and accountability 40

Transparency, explainability, accountability frameworks 40

Human oversight, pathways for redress, and traceability 42

Promoting compliance 44

7. Social dialogue 45

Promoting social dialogue 45

Ensuring social partners' AI expertise 49

8. Policy directions 51

References 52

Notes 64

Table 1. Common principles guiding the use of data in the workplace 26

Table 2. The involvement of workers in OSH is recommended or required in all jurisdictions, but their input is not always needed for the introduction of new technologies 48

Figure 1. G7 countries use a range of policy measures to monitor AI's impacts, promote adoption, and support workers 18

Figure 2. All G7 countries recommend or require measures to address bias and discrimination 31

Boxes 21

Box 1. Recent OECD evidence of policy measures for AI skills development 21

Box 2. Supporting women in the digital transformation of the insurance sector 22

Box 3. Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés - CNIL 30

Box 4. Germany: Quality Standards for Test and Training Data 35

Box 5. Joint Declaration on Employment Aspects of AI in the European Banking Sector 46

Box 6. Ceemet and IndustriAll 46

Box 7. Social dialogue in occupational health and safety 47

Box 8. Italy: National collective agreement covering self-employed workers engaged in e-grocery 49