Executive Summary 4

  List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 8

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 9

CHAPTER 2 The global energy transition: changing context and dynamics 13

CHAPTER 3 Implications for the Voluntary Principles 21

  Guidance and tools 22

  Risk assessment: strengths and limitations 23

  Conflict prevention: strengths and limitations 24

  Local conflict analysis and conflict sensitivity: strengths and limitations 26

  VPs as a management approach: strengths and limitations 27

  Vulnerable groups: strengths and limitations 29

  The voluntary nature of the VPs 30

CHAPTER 4 Recommendations 31

CHAPTER 5 Conclusions 44

ANNEX Case Studies 46

  Case study 1: The Antapaccay copper mine in Peru 46

  Case study 2: The Ewoyaa Lithium Project in Ghana 50

  Case study 3: The Mphanda Nkuwa Hydropower Project in Mozambique 53

References 58

Key tools 62