국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

ABSTRACT 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10

1. INTRODUCTION 13

2. THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE EU-ILO COOPERATION 16

2.1. 1958-1999 period 16

2.1.1. Context 16

2.1.2. Evolution of meetings and key policy ideas 17

2.1.3. Chronology of the results 20

2.1.4. Summary 20

2.2. 2000-2007 period 21

2.2.1. Context 21

2.2.2. Evolution of meetings and key policy ideas 22

2.2.3. Chronology of the results 25

2.2.4. Summary 25

2.3. 2008 - present 26

2.3.1. Context 26

2.3.2. Evolution of meetings and key policy ideas 27

2.3.3. Chronology of the results 30

2.3.4. Summary 30

3. PAST ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE COOPERATION 32

3.1. Decent work 32

3.1.1. Context 32

3.1.2. Definition and aims of the policy driver 33

3.1.3. Good practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU/MS 34

3.1.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 36

3.2. Social dialogue and social pillar 38

3.2.1. Context 38

3.2.2. Definition and aims of the policy driver 39

3.2.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU and Member States 40

3.2.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 41

3.3. Sustainable development 43

3.3.1. Context 43

3.3.2. Aims of the policy driver 44

3.3.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU Member States 45

3.3.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 46

3.4. Green jobs and climate change 47

3.4.1. Context 47

3.4.2. Aims of the policy driver 48

3.4.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU Member States 49

3.4.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 49

3.5. Labour related policies on development and trade, including the definition of international labour standards 50

3.5.1. Context 50

3.5.2. Aims of the policy driver 51

3.5.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU/MS 51

3.5.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 51

3.6. Gender equality at the workplace 52

3.6.1. Context 52

3.6.2. Aims of the policy driver 53

3.6.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU Member States 54

3.6.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 55

3.7. The future of the workforce and the ensuing redefinition of labour relations 56

3.7.1. Context 56

3.7.2. Aims of the policy driver 56

3.7.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU Member States 57

3.7.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 58

3.8. Transition to formality and fight against undeclared work 58

3.8.1. Context 58

3.8.2. Aims of the policy driver 59

3.8.3. Best practices of transfer into internal legislation of the EU Member States 59

3.8.4. Main advantages and shortcomings 60

4. EU-ILO COLLABORATION FROM THE EU PERSPECTIVE: THE OUTCOMES 61

4.1. Lisbon strategy and EU2020 61

4.1.1. Introduction 61

4.1.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 61

4.2. Flexicurity legislation within the Member States 63

4.2.1. Introduction 63

4.2.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 63

4.3. Youth Guarantee reform 64

4.3.1. Introduction 64

4.3.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 64

4.4. Implementation of the PES reform 64

4.4.1. Introduction 64

4.4.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 65

4.5. Implementation of the apprenticeships system and other educational reforms involving the dual principle (work-based learning; new VET system; industrial doctorates; etc.), traineeships 65

4.5.1. Introduction 65

4.5.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 65

4.6. Minimum wage legislation 66

4.6.1. Introduction 66

4.6.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 66

4.7. Guardianships of digital labour platforms and the future of work 67

4.7.1. Introduction 67

4.7.2. Analysis of the impact of ILO collaboration 67

5. PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE OF WORK 68

5.1. Main trends driving the future of work 68

5.1.1. Industry 4.0 68

5.2. Future of work - predictions based on available research 69

5.2.1. Declining share of labour on production 69

5.2.2. Skill-Biased Technological Change drives working income polarisation 70

5.2.3. Automation, job destruction and job creation 72

5.2.4. Telework and new contractual relationships 74

5.2.5. Platform Economy 74

5.3. The EU perspective on the future of work 75

5.3.1. The importance of the service sector 75

5.3.2. Flexible working arrangements are becoming more common 76

5.3.3. The Human-Centred Agenda - proposed by the ILO 76

5.3.4. Policy conclusions from the Human-Centred Agenda 77

6. EU SCENARIOS AND APPROACHES TO FUTURE OF WORK POLICY 80

6.1. Policy approaches to the future of work 80

6.1.1. The EU's position on the future of work 80

6.1.2. Policy conclusions resulting from the ILO HCA 83

6.1.3. Convergence of the ILO and EU policy priorities 86

6.2. Policy approaches towards relevant work and skills-related areas 87

6.2.1. Platform workers 87

6.2.2. Smart working and teleworking 89

6.2.3. The reform of educational systems 91

6.2.4. Policy approaches towards I4.0 - chosen aspects 93

7. ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AND RELATED LEGISLATION 99

7.1. The universal entitlement to lifelong learning 99

7.2. Support people through future of work transitions 100

7.3. Implement a transformative and measurable agenda for gender equality 101

7.4. Strengthening social protection 102

7.5. Establish a Universal Labour Guarantee 104

7.6. Expand time sovereignty 105

7.7. Revitalizing collective representation 107

7.8. Harness and manage technology in support of decent work 109

7.9. Increasing investment in decent and sustainable work 109

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: SUMMARY REMARKS 110

8.1. Traditional outcomes of the Collaboration between EU & ILO 110

8.2. Outcomes on the "Future of work" 114

9. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 117

REFERENCES 119

Table 1. Aims and definitions of decent work 34

Table 2. Examples of Cooperation Practices 35

Table 3. Social dialogue 40

Table 4. List of selected empirical studies in support of routine-biased technological change 71

Table 5. Estimations of future job destruction and creation due to new technology and automation 72

Table 6. The Human-Centred Agenda proposed by the ILO 77

Table 7. Chosen policy actions in relation to the future of work as suggested by the ILO 84

Table 8. Main features of R&D tax incentives in selected OECD and other countries, 2015 93

Table 9. Lack of formal social security coverage for non-standard workers in EU member states 103

Table 10. Digital platform workers and the dominant logic of collective representation 108

Figure 1. Chronology of Results 1958-1999 20

Figure 2. Flexicurity models 22

Figure 3. Chronology of Results 2000-2007 25

Figure 4. Chronology of results 2008-2018 30

Figure 5. Decoupling of wages from total productivity 70

Boxes

Box 1. Decent work 32

Box 2. Social dialogue 38

Box 3. Sustainable development 43

Box 4. 'Green jobs' 47

Box 5. International labour standards 50

Box 6. Gender equality 52

Box 7. The future of work 56

Box 8. Undeclared work 58

Box 9. Basic Income Experiment 2017-2018 in Finland 103

Box 10. Recent international experiences with working time adjustments 106

Box 11. The first collective agreement in the platform economy is Danish 108

Box 12. Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 109