목차
1. Introduction: Global and EU governance of climate policy 1
1.1. The need for global and EU governance 4
1.2. Main climate governance architecture 4
1.3. Core principles of global climate governance 10
1.4. Common policy pathways: Adaptation and mitigation 11
1.5. Sectoral nature of climate policymaking 12
1.5.1. Increasing complexity and the role of institutions 13
2. Evolution of EU governance of climate policy 14
2.1. The EU and implementation of key architecture elements 14
2.1.1. Kyoto: Implementation through effort sharing and the ETS 15
2.1.2. Copenhagen: Leadership marginalisation of the EU 15
2.1.3. Paris 15
2.1.4. Glasgow 15
2.2. Policy instruments 18
2.3. Key actors 18
2.3.1. Formal EU actors 19
2.3.2. Member State constellations and interest groups 22
2.3.3. Environmental interest groups and regional actor alliances 23
2.4. International regulatory cooperation and climate policy 25
3. EU actorness in climate policy across dimensions 26
3.1. Authority 27
3.1.1. Changes over time: Shifting authority from Member States to the EU 29
3.1.2. Outlook: EU climate law could softly increase EU authority 35
3.2. Autonomy 35
3.2.1. Changes over time: Significant increase of EU autonomy 36
3.2.2. Current status: Authority continually increases but lacks arrangements for public
involvement 44
3.3. Cohesion 46
3.3.1. Changes over time: The precarious nature of EU cohesion 48
3.3.2. Current status: Continued opposition by the Visegrád Group 49
3.4. Recognition 50
3.4.1. Changes over time: Significant dips but increasing recognition as an actor 52
3.4.2. Current status: Recognition hinging on Member States’ cohesion 55
3.5. Attractiveness 57
3.5.1. Changes over time: Increasing economic and political attractiveness 58
3.5.2. Outlook: European Green Deal 61
3.6. Opportunity and necessity to act 61
3.6.1. Changes over time: On average, structures offering moderate opportunities 63
3.6.2. Current status: From Beijing-Washington to Beijing-Brussels? 64
3.7. Credibility 66
3.7.1. Changes over time: Moderately increasing credibility 68
3.7.2. Current status: Continued moderate credibility 71
4. EU effectiveness in climate policy 72
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Identification of EU goals in climate policy 74
4.2.1 The 2°C target: Global governance through joint goal setting 75
4.2.2 Binding, quantifiable emission targets as a design element for global governance 77
4.2.3 Acceptance of different responsibilities 79
4.3 How has the EU sought attainment of these goals over time? 82
4.3.1 Governance towards the 2°C target: Primarily sermons 84
4.3.2 Binding targets as a design element: A mix of sticks, carrots and sermons 84
4.4 The EU in action: Pushing for a dynamic interpretation of the CBDR at Paris 85
4.4.1 Acceptance of a dynamic interpretation of differentiated responsibilities at Paris 85
4.4.2 Instruments and mechanisms for implementation: Sermons and carrots 86
4.5 Summary 88
4.6 Conclusions 90
5. Conclusion: Opportunities and challenges 90
5.1 The EU as a legitimate actor? 93
5.1.1 Procedures 94
5.1.2 Participation of civil society and local actors in EU decision-making 94
5.1.3 Knowledge 95
5.1.4 Representation of values: Burden sharing 95
6. Bibliography 96
