□ IMF는 현재의 지출 및 과세 수준을 토대로 분석한 결과, 전 세계 정부부채가 2024년 GDP 대비 93.8% 수준에서 2029년에는 98.8%까지 증가할 것으로 전망함. IMF는 특히 이런 추세가 세계 최대 경제 대국인 미국과 중국의 국가 채무와 연관 있다고 지적하며 “현재 정책하에서 공공부채는 역사적 최고치를 넘어 계속 증가할 것”이라고 강조함
□ IMF는 2023년 한국의 GDP 대비 정부부채 비율을 55.2%로 집계함. IMF는 올해의 경우 한국의 정부 부채가 GDP 대비 56.6%에 이를 것으로 추정하고, 이후에도 지속적으로 증가해 2029년에는 59.4%에 이르러 60%에 육박할 것으로 전망함
[출처]
IMF, '글로벌 선거의 해' 부채 증가 우려…“재정지출 억제해야” (2024.04.18.) / 연합뉴스
IMF '韓, GDP 대비 정부부채 2023년 55.2%…2029년 60% 육박' (2024.04.18.) / 연합뉴스
목차
Assumptions and Conventions vi
Further Information vii
Preface viii
Foreword ix
Executive Summary xi
Chapter 1. Fiscal Policy in the Great Election Year 1
Introduction 1
Recent Fiscal Developments and Outlook 3
The Great Election Year and Fiscal Politics 13
Fiscal Policy Sustainability and Structural Spending Pressures 14
Policy Conclusions 16
Box 1.1. US Fiscal Policy Uncertainty and Bond Spreads 19
Box 1.2. Building Tax Capacity in Low-Income and Emerging Market Economies 20
Box 1.3. Reform of the European Union Economic Governance Framework 21
References 22
Chapter 2. Expanding Frontiers: Fiscal Policies for Innovation and Technology Diffusion 25
Introduction 25
Directing Innovation toward Specific Sectors 26
Promoting Innovation at the Technology Frontier 30
Accelerating Technology Diffusion across Countries and Firms 34
Conclusion 39
Box 2.1. Industrial Policies for Innovation: Lessons from Historical Cases 41
Box 2.2. Fiscal Support for Green Innovation 43
Box 2.3. Addressing Barriers to the Diffusion of Green Technology 44
References 46
Economy Abbreviations 49
Glossary 51
Methodological and Statistical Appendix 55
Data and Conventions 55
Fiscal Policy Assumptions 58
Definition and Coverage of Fiscal Data 63
Table A. Economy Groupings 63
Table B. Advanced Economies: Definition and Coverage of Fiscal Monitor Data 67
Table C. Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies: Definition and
Coverage of Fiscal Monitor Data 68
Table D. Low-Income Developing Countries: Definition and Coverage of
Fiscal Monitor Data 69
List of Tables
Advanced Economies (A1–A8) 70
Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies (A9–A16) 78
Low-Income Developing Countries (A17–A22) 86
Structural Fiscal Indicators (A23–A25) 92
Selected Topics 95
IMF Executive Board Discussion of the Outlook, April 2024 109
Figures
Figure 1.1. Inflation Surprises and the Fiscal and Monetary Policy Mix 2
Figure 1.2. Postpandemic Fiscal Policy Legacies 2
Figure 1.3. Interest Payments 3
Figure 1.4. Evolution of Public Debt in the Two Giants: The United States and China 6
Figure 1.5. Nominal Yields and Term Premiums for 10-Year US Treasuries 6
Figure 1.6. Decomposition of Changes in US Core Inflation 6
Figure 1.7. Effect of Spikes in the US Primary Deficit on Nominal Term Premiums of Treasuries 7
Figure 1.8. Impact of Spillovers of US Long-Term Nominal Rates on Advanced and
Emerging Market Economies 7
Figure 1.9. Median Changes in Emerging Market Bond Index Spreads, Selected Episodes 8
Figure 1.10. Monthly Sovereign Spreads in Emerging Market and Developing Economies 8
Figure 1.11. Changes in Sovereign Spreads and the Fiscal Outlook 8
Figure 1.12. The Evolution of Growth and Fiscal Imbalances in China 9
Figure 1.13. Fiscal Impact of China’s Slowdown in the Rest of the World 10
Figure 1.14. Primary Balances and Debt Levels in Advanced Economies, Emerging Markets, and
Low-Income Developing Countries 11
Figure 1.15. Real Interest-Growth Differential in Low-Income Developing Countries 12
Figure 1.16. Effects of Election Years on Fiscal Deficits and Subcomponents 13
Figure 1.17. Political Parties’ Discourse and Fiscal Policy 14
Figure 1.18. Potential Annual Increases in Spending through 2030 15
Figure 1.19. Adjustment in Primary Deficits Required to Stabilize Public Debt 16
Figure 1.20. Primary Deficit Fan Chart and the Likelihood of Reaching the Debt-Stabilizing
Primary Deficit for Italy 16
Figure 1.21. Public Gross Financing Needs 17
Figure 1.1.1. Fiscal Uncertainty in the United States 19
Figure 1.1.2. Response of Sovereign Spreads to Uncertainty Regarding US Fiscal Policy 19
Figure 1.2.1. Actual and Potential Taxes, 2020 20
Figure 1.3.1. Fiscal Balance and Government Debt, 2023 21
Figure 2.1. Withering Innovation, Productivity, and Technology Diffusion 26
Figure 2.2. Increasing Use of Industrial Policies for Innovation 27
Figure 2.3. Simulated Welfare Impact of Industrial Policy 28
Figure 2.4. Domestic Knowledge Spillovers, Select Economies 29
Figure 2.5. Optimal R&D Support by Sector 30
Figure 2.6. Governments Shifting R&D Support to Tax Incentives for Firms 31
Figure 2.7. Services Imports and Real FDI in Emerging Market and Developing Economies 34
Figure 2.8. Determinants of Services Imports and Real FDI into Emerging Market and Developing
Economies 35
CHAPTER Contents
International Monetary Fund | April 2024 v
Figure 2.9. Effect of Enhanced Public Investment on Productivity and GDP 36
Figure 2.10. Firm TFP Gaps and the Impact of Policies on Diffusion to Laggards 38
Figure 2.11. Effect of Digital Adoption and Digital Infrastructure on Firm Productivity in the
European Union 38
Figure 2.12. Simulation of the Labor Productivity Impact of Corporate Tax Reform across
Firms in Emerging Market Economies 39
Figure 2.2.1. Impact of Green R&D Support on Green Innovation 43
Figure 2.3.1. Alternative Policies for Renewable Electricity: Benefits and Costs 44
Tables
Table 1.1. General Government Fiscal Balance, 2019–29: Overall Balance 4
Table 1.2. General Government Debt, 2019–29 5
Table 2.1. Potential Rationales for Directing Innovation 27
Table 2.2. Budgetary Instruments to Promote Innovation 32
Online-Only Annexes
Online Annex 1.1. Current Fiscal Estimations versus Prepandemic Projections for 2023 and 2024 by
Structural Characteristics
Online Annex 1.2. Econometric Analyses of Spillovers from Loose Fiscal Policy in the United States
Online Annex 1.3. Election-Year Swings in Fiscal Policy
Online Annex 1.4. Calculating the Medium-Term Spending Pressures
Online Annex 1.5. Analysis of the Fan-Chart for Italy’s Primary Balance
Online Annex 2.1. Model of Industrial Policy for Innovation
Online Annex 2.2. Literature Review on Fiscal Instruments for Innovation
Online Annex 2.3. Panel Regression Analysis of Fiscal Instruments for Innovation
Online Annex 2.4. Analysis of Intellectual Property Regimes
Online Annex 2.5. Impacts of Total R&D on GDP and Debt
Online Annex 2.6. Accelerating Technology Diffusion Across Countries
Online Annex 2.7. Accelerating Diffusion of Innovation across Firms – The Role of Government Policies