목차
Title page
Contents
FOREWORD 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12
MAIN MESSAGES 14
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 17
ABBREVIATIONS 39
CHAPTER 1. Tracking Progress on Women's Legal Rights 40
Introduction 40
Data update 43
Which economies improved the most? 46
In which indicators did economies reform the most? 49
References 52
ANNEX 1A. Summaries of Reforms 54
CHAPTER 2. Introducing Women, Business and the Law 2.0: Toward Better Measurement of Laws, Policies, and Practices 58
Introduction 58
Development of Women, Business and the Law 2.0 61
Scope and definitions of gender equality in the Women, Business and the Law framework 61
Legal frameworks: Two new indicators on Safety and Childcare and a review of the ongoing eight indicators 62
Supportive frameworks: Policy instruments to implement gender equality laws 76
Expert opinions: Perception-based surveys of experts on the implementation of legal rights 88
Next steps in adopting the new approach 92
Annex 2A. Women, Business and the Law 2.0 questions 94
References 96
CHAPTER 3. Women, Business and the Law 2.0: Trends Emerging from Data Analysis of New Measurements 103
Introduction 103
Women, Business and the Law 2.0 legal frameworks index 105
Women, Business and the Law 2.0 supportive frameworks index 112
Women, Business and the Law 2.0 expert opinions index 119
Comparing the three pillars to trace women's equality from de jure to de facto 125
What is next? 132
Annex 3A. Women, Business and the Law 1.0 and 2.0 scores 133
References 138
APPENDIX A. Data Notes 140
TABLE ES.1. INTRODUCING THE 10 INDICATORS OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0: TOWARD BETTER MEASUREMENT OF LAWS, POLICIES,... 20
TABLE 1.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2024 SCORE (WBL 1.0) 44
TABLE 1.2. FIVE ECONOMIES ADVANCED THE MOST TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY SINCE OCTOBER 2022 47
TABLE 1.3. IN 2022-23, ECONOMIES IMPLEMENTED THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF REFORMS TO IMPROVE GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PARENTHOOD... 51
TABLE 2.1. INTRODUCING THE 10 INDICATORS OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0: TOWARD BETTER MEASUREMENT OF LAWS, POLICIES,... 60
TABLE 2.2. FIFTY-NINE ECONOMIES PROHIBIT WOMEN FROM PERFORMING CERTAIN TASKS IN INDUSTRIAL JOBS 70
TABLE 2.3. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 MEASURES VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS 77
TABLE 2.4. EXPERT OPINIONS QUESTIONS 91
FIGURE ES.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 INTRODUCES NEW MEASUREMENTS TO TRACK GLOBAL PROGRESS TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY 19
FIGURE ES.2. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SHOW THE LARGEST GAPS IN WBL 2.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS SCORES,... 21
FIGURE ES.3. SAFETY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND CHILDCARE INDICATORS HAVE THE LARGEST LEGAL GAPS 22
FIGURE ES.4. THE LOWEST SCORES FOR SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, FOLLOWED BY THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH... 22
FIGURE ES.5. THE LARGEST RANGES IN EXPERT OPINIONS SCORES ARE WITHIN THE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA REGIONS 23
FIGURE ES.6. ECONOMIES WITH HIGH SCORES ON THE WBL 1.0 LEGAL INDEX CONTINUE TO HAVE HIGH SCORES ON THE WBL 2.0 LEGAL INDEX 25
FIGURE ES.7. MORE GENDER-EQUAL LAWS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS 26
FIGURE ES.8. MORE GENDER-EQUAL LAWS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERCEPTION OF MORE RIGHTS FOR WOMEN IN PRACTICE 28
FIGURE ES.9. SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS LAG BEHIND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND EXPERT OPINIONS SCORES ACROSS REGIONS AND INCOME GROUPS 29
FIGURE ES.10. IN 2022-23, 18 ECONOMIES ENACTED REFORMS ACROSS ALL WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 INDICATORS 30
FIGURE 1.1. THE LARGEST LEGAL GAPS ARE IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 45
FIGURE 1.2. GAPS IN SCORES OF MORE THAN 60 POINTS ARE FOUND ACROSS ALL INCOME GROUPS 46
FIGURE 1.3. MOST REFORMS WERE UNDERTAKEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES 47
FIGURE 1.4. IN 2022-23, 18 ECONOMIES ENACTED REFORMS ACROSS ALL WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 INDICATORS 50
FIGURE 2.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 INTRODUCES NEW MEASUREMENTS TO TRACK GLOBAL PROGRESS TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY 59
FIGURE 2.2. SAFETY LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS ON CHILD MARRIAGE, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, AND... 64
FIGURE 2.3. CHILDCARE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS GOVERNING THE PROVISION OF CENTER-BASED CHILDCARE SERVICES 67
FIGURE 2.4. MOBILITY LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S AGENCY AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 68
FIGURE 2.5. WORKPLACE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S DECISIONS TO WORK 69
FIGURE 2.6. PAY LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS AFFECTING THE GENDER WAGE GAP 70
FIGURE 2.7. MARRIAGE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE CONSTRAINTS IN MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 71
FIGURE 2.8. PARENTHOOD LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE PAID LEAVE POLICIES AND PROTECTIONS FOR PREGNANT WORKERS 72
FIGURE 2.9. ENTREPRENEURSHIP LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON WOMEN'S ABILITIES TO START AND RUN... 73
FIGURE 2.10. ASSETS LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PROPERTY AND INHERITANCE LAWS 75
FIGURE 2.11. PENSION LEGAL FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE LAWS AFFECTING THE SIZE OF A WOMAN'S PENSION 76
FIGURE 2.12. SAFETY SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MECHANISMS IMPLEMENTING LAWS ON CHILD MARRIAGE, SEXUAL... 79
FIGURE 2.13. MOBILITY SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE BUREAUCRATIC BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S AGENCY AND FREEDOM OF... 80
FIGURE 2.14. WORKPLACE SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MEASURES IMPLEMENTING LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S DECISIONS TO... 81
FIGURE 2.15. PAY SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MEASURES IMPLEMENTING LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S PAY 82
FIGURE 2.16. MARRIAGE SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE COURTS AND PROCEDURES IN FAMILY LAW 83
FIGURE 2.17. PARENTHOOD SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MEASURES IMPLEMENTING LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S WORK UPON... 84
FIGURE 2.18. CHILDCARE SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MECHANISMS IMPLEMENTING CHILDCARE LAWS 85
FIGURE 2.19. ENTREPRENEURSHIP SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE PROGRAMS AND DATA SUPPORTING FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS 86
FIGURE 2.20. ASSETS SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE MECHANISMS AND DATA TO IMPLEMENT WOMEN'S PROPERTY AND... 87
FIGURE 2.21. PENSION SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS QUESTIONS EXAMINE POLICIES AIMED AT REDUCING THE GENDER PENSION GAP 88
FIGURE 2.22. PATHWAY TO THE NEW WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 INDEX 93
FIGURE 3.1. THE NEW WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 APPROACH GOES BEYOND LAWS 104
FIGURE 3.2. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA HAVE THE LARGEST GAPS IN WBL 2.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS SCORES,... 106
FIGURE 3.3. GAPS IN WBL 2.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS SCORES EXCEED 60 POINTS ACROSS ALL INCOME GROUPS 107
FIGURE 3.4. SAFETY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND CHILDCARE INDICATORS HAVE THE LARGEST LEGAL GAPS 108
FIGURE 3.5. ECONOMIES WITH HIGH SCORES ON THE WBL 1.0 LEGAL INDEX CONTINUE TO HAVE HIGH SCORES ON THE WBL 2.0 LEGAL INDEX 110
FIGURE 3.6. SCORES ACROSS REGIONS AND INCOME GROUPS ARE LOWER ON THE WBL 2.0 LEGAL INDEX THAN ON THE WBL 1.0 LEGAL INDEX 111
FIGURE 3.7. THE LOWEST SCORES FOR SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, FOLLOWED BY THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH... 114
FIGURE 3.8. THE ADOPTION OF SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS VARIES MOST IN HIGH-INCOME ECONOMIES 114
FIGURE 3.9. GLOBALLY, THE MOST SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ARE IN PLACE FOR MOBILITY AND THE FEWEST FOR WORKPLACE 115
FIGURE 3.10. ALL REGIONS AND INCOME GROUPS LACK THE SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS NEEDED TO PROTECT WOMEN'S RIGHTS 117
FIGURE 3.11. FOR NEARLY ALL INDICATORS, THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL GAP BETWEEN THE LEGAL AND SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS SCORES 118
FIGURE 3.12. THE LARGEST RANGES IN EXPERT OPINIONS SCORES ARE WITHIN THE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA REGIONS 120
FIGURE 3.13. THERE IS A 31-POINT DIFFERENCE IN AVERAGE EXPERT OPINIONS SCORES ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN PRACTICE BETWEEN LOW- AND... 121
FIGURE 3.14. THE PENSION INDICATOR RECEIVES THE HIGHEST SCORE AND SAFETY THE LOWEST SCORE FROM THE EXPERTS 122
FIGURE 3.15. EXPERTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA, EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC, AND HIGH-INCOME ECONOMIES PERCEIVE MORE WOMEN'S... 123
FIGURE 3.16. EXPERTS' ASSESSMENT OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN PRACTICE ARE DIFFERENT THAN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS SUGGEST 124
FIGURE 3.17. MORE GENDER-EQUAL LAWS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS 126
FIGURE 3.18. MORE GENDER-EQUAL LAWS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERCEPTION OF MORE RIGHTS FOR WOMEN IN PRACTICE 129
FIGURE 3.19. SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS LAG BEHIND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND EXPERT OPINIONS SCORES ACROSS REGIONS AND INCOME GROUPS 132
Boxes
BOX ES.1. FROM WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 TO WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 18
BOX 1.1. ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 41
BOX 1.2. HOW WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INFORMS THE WORLD BANK'S 2024-30 GENDER STRATEGY: ACCELERATE GENDER EQUALITY TO... 42
BOX 2.1. EXPERT OPINIONS QUESTIONS: AN EXAMPLE 90
Maps
MAP 3.1. WOMEN HAVE LESS THAN TWO-THIRDS OF THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF MEN UNDER THE NEW INDEX 105
MAP 3.2. GLOBALLY, TWO-FIFTHS OF SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ARE IN PLACE TO IMPLEMENT GENDER-EQUAL LAWS 113
MAP 3.3. EXPERTS' PERCEPTIONS: TWO-THIRDS OF WOMEN ENJOY RIGHTS EQUAL TO THOSE OF MEN 120
Box Figures
FIGURE B1.1.1. THE EIGHT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 INDICATORS 41
TABLE A.1. METHODOLOGICAL STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEXES 143
TABLE A.2. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 INDICATORS AND QUESTIONS 145
TABLE A.3. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS INDICATORS AND QUESTIONS 153
TABLE A.4. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS INDICATORS AND QUESTIONS 164
TABLE A.5. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 EXPERT OPINIONS INDICATORS AND QUESTIONS 172
Annex Tables
TABLE ES.A.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 QUESTIONS 31
TABLE ES.B.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 AND 2.0 SCORES 33
TABLE 2A.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2.0 QUESTIONS 94
TABLE 3A.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 1.0 AND 2.0 SCORES 133
Annex Boxes
BOX A.1. ASSUMPTIONS USED TO ENSURE COMPARABILITY 141
