목차
Abstract v
Résumé v
Acknowledgements vi
List of Abbreviations vii
Glossary of Terms vii
Introduction 1
Past Studies on Economic Cost and Impacts of Wildfires in the United States and Canada 2
Methods 4
Generalized Cost Accounting Framework of Wildfire-related Costs and Losses 4
Accounting Stance 6
Information Sources 6
Information and Data 8
i. Fire preparedness, detection, and suppression 8
ii. Disaster recovery expenses 8
iii. Property loss and critical infrastructure 9
iv. Human injury and mortality 10
v. Damage to timber resources 11
vi. Forest renewal 12
vii. Business interruption 12
viii. Loss of ecosystem goods and services 13
Case Studies 14
Overview of Case Study Findings 15
Fire Suppression and Protection – Direct and Tangible 17
Property Damage – Direct and Tangible 17
Timber Resources – Direct and Tangible 17
Business Interruption and Economic Activity – Indirect and Tangible 17
Evacuations – Direct and Tangible, and Intangible 17
Human Fatalities, Injury, and Human Health – Direct and Intangible 18
Ecosystem Services – Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Direct, Tangible, and Intangible 18
Other Costs and Damages Unaccounted for – Direct/Indirect and Tangible/Intangible 18
Distributional Impacts 19
Discussion 19
Conclusion 20
Gaps, Limitations and Future Research Opportunities 20
References 21
Appendix A: 2014 Kakisa Wildfire, Northwest Territories 30
Wildfire Protection 30
Disaster Response and Recovery 30
Property Loss 31
Business Interruption 31
Intangible and Non-quantified Costs 31
Appendix B: 2015 La Ronge Wildfire, Saskatchewan 32
Wildfire Protection 32
Disaster Response and Recovery 33
Property Loss 33
Damage to Timber 33
Business Interruption 34
Intangible and Non-quantified Costs 34
Appendix C: 2016 Horse River Wildfire – Fort McMurray, Alberta 34
Wildfire Protection 35
Disaster Response and Recovery 35
Property Loss 35
Damage to Timber 35
Forest Renewal 36
Business Interruption 36
Intangible and Non-quantified Costs 36
Appendix D: 2017 Interior Wildfires, British Columbia 38
Wildfire Protection 38
Disaster Response and Recovery 38
Property Loss 39
Damage to Timber 39
Forest Renewal 40
Business Interruption 40
Intangible and Non-quantified Costs 41
Appendix E: 2018 Northwestern British Columbia Wildfires 42
Wildfire Protection 42
Disaster Response and Recovery 42
Property Loss 43
Damage to Timber 43
Forest Renewal 45
Business Interruption 45
Intangible and Non-quantified Costs 45
Tables
Table 1 Costs summary of select prior studies on costs of wildland fire 3
Table 2 An accounting framework for the assessment of economic costs of Canadian wildfire events/seasons 7
Table 3 Socio-economic information for the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Alberta 15
Table 4 A summary of the socio-economic and ecological impacts of our case studies 16
Table 5 Total known costs plus losses for our five case studies 16
Table 6 Payments for known damage and losses for the five case studies 19
Figures
Figure 1 Conceptual accounting framework of costs related to wildfire impacts and mitigation 5
