Foreword xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi

Summary of Findings xxiii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Definition of Regions and Income Groups 3

1.2 A Note on Data 5

2. At a Glance: A Global Picture of Solid Waste Management toward Circularity 11

2.1 Waste Generation 12

2.2 Waste Composition 21

2.3 Waste Collection 22

2.4 Progress toward Achieving Sustainable Development Target 11.6.1 25

2.5 Waste Treatment and Disposal 29

2.6 Self-management of Uncollected Waste 32

2.7 Plastic Waste 34

2.8 Special Wastes 43

2.9 Waste Imports 44

3. Regional Snapshots 57

3.1 East Asia and Pacific 57

3.2 Europe and Central Asia 66

3.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 72

3.4 Middle East and North Africa 80

3.5 North America 85

3.6 SouthAsia 90

3.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 97

4. Scenarios for Municipal Solid Waste Management and Circularity until 2050 115

4.1 Overview of Scenarios 116

4.2 Scenarios for Waste Generation 117

4.3 Scenarios for Municipal Solid Waste Collection Coverage 120

4.4 Scenarios for Municipal Solid Waste Recycling and Composting 120

4.5 Scenarios for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal, and Uncollected Waste 124

5. Waste and Climate 137

5.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid Waste Management 139

5.2 Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions 143

5.3 Solid Waste in Nationally Determined Contributions 148

6. Waste Administration, Operations, and Jobs 161

6.1 Solid Waste Management Laws and Regulations 162

6.2 Planning for Solid Waste Management 179

6.3 Waste Management Operations 183

6.4 Jobs 184

7. Costs and Financing of Solid Waste Management 201

7.1 Waste Management Costs 203

7.2 Current and Future Cost Estimates 209

7.3 Waste Management Financing 223

Appendix A Waste Generation and Projections by Country or Economy 245

Appendix B Waste Treatment and Disposal by Country or Economy 275

Appendix C Summary Methodology 321