Foreword 3

Acknowledgements 4

Reader's Guide 8

Abbreviations and acronyms 10

Executive summary 11

1 Monitoring research and innovation careers through ReICO 13

  Understanding research and innovation careers in a changing environment 15

  ReICO’s approach to identifying and measuring the R&I workforce 18

  References 23

  Notes 24

2 Developing knowledge and skills for research and innovation 25

  Introduction 27

  To what extent can countries develop highly qualified talent for research and innovation? 28

  How are graduate trends shaping the future supply of talent? 31

  What is the field breakdown of graduates with advanced qualifications and how is it evolving over time? 35

  What do we know about the development of skills and attitudes for careers in research and innovation? 43

  Conclusion 46

  References 46

3 Working in research and innovation 48

  Introduction 50

  How large is the R&D workforce and how much is invested in it? 51

  How is the professional STEM workforce evolving? 58

  How do doctorate holders fare in the labour market? 62

  Conclusion 73

  References 73

4 Mapping Mobility in Research and Innovation Careers 74

  Introduction 76

  Who earns advanced qualifications abroad, and where? 79

  To what extent have countries accumulated talent from abroad for R&I systems? 83

  How mobile are scientific authors and where do they go? 88

  Conclusion 95

  References 95

  Note 97

5 Monitoring R&I careers - the future agenda for ReICO 98

  Introduction 100

  Key measurement challenges for monitoring R&I careers 100

  Advancing the measurement agenda for R&I careers – future priorities for ReICO 101

  Conclusion 111

  References 112

Annex A. Data sources used in ReICO 113

  International data sources 113

  National data sources 114

  Country coverage for ReICO key indicators 115

  References 116