Acknowledgements 4

Executive summary 8

1 Introduction 11

2 Methodology, data coverage and limitations 13

  Methodology 13

  Data coverage 13

  Limitations 14

3 UK regions’ backward and forward linkages 15

  Backward linkages of UK regions 18

  Forward linkages of UK regions 24

4 UK regions’ contributions to final demand 34

  External value added in the UK regions’ final demand 37

  UK regions’ value added in external final demand 42

5 UK regions’ gross trade 53

  Trade openness 54

  Composition of international trade in UK regions 55

  Inter-regional trade 58

Annex A. Supplementary figures 61

Annex B. Supplementary tables 66

References 68

  Notes 68