목차
Contents
Introduction 1
U S Offshore Wind Energy in a Global Context 2
U S Policies 3
Background on Offshore Wind Energy Project Development 3
Offshore Wind Energy Turbine Structures 4
Selected Activities Associated with Offshore Wind Projects 6
Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated
Species 8
Ocean Environment 9
Marine Mammals 11
Whales 14
Marine Invertebrates 16
Fishes 18
Fisheries 20
Sea Turtles 21
Birds 22
Bats 25
Relevant Statutes for Federal Agency Actions Related to Offshore Wind Projects 26
National Environmental Policy Act 26
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act 28
Marine Mammal Protection Act 29
Endangered Species Act 30
Migratory Bird Treaty Act 32
Issues for Congress 33
Research on the Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Development and Mitigation
Strategies 33
Offshore Wind Development and Competing Ocean Uses 35
Figures
Figure 1 Offshore Wind Turbine Components and Foundation Structures 5
Figure 2 Examples of Floating Wind Mooring Systems 13
Figure 3 Schematic of Artificial Reef on Offshore Wind Foundation 17
Tables
Table 1 Potential Impacts Associated with Offshore Wind Energy Projects 9
Table 2 Selected Bird Species That May Be Impacted by Offshore Wind Projects 25
Contacts
Author Information 39
