목차
Secretary General's Foreword v
Executive Director’s Introduction vi
Acknowledgements viii
Contents ix
List of Boxes, Figures, Maps and Tables xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Key Findings and Messages xvii
Chapter 1: The Diversity of Cities and Visions for Urban Futures 1
1.1 What Futures for Cities? 3
1.2 Pandemic Lessons for the Future of Cities 6
1.3 The Diversity of Urban Futures 9
1.4 Possible Scenarios for Urban Futures 17
1.5 Visions of Urban Futures 20
1.6 Pathways to Sustainable Urban Futures 24
1.7 Concluding Remarks 29
Chapter 2: Scenarios of Urban Futures: Degree of Urbanization 31
2.1 The Degree of Urbanization and Why it is Important? 33
2.2 City Population Continues Growing as Towns and Rural Areas Experience Slowdown 39
2.3 What is Driving Population Growth in Cities? 43
2.4 Growth in Cities is Slowing Down, but Less for Large Cities 49
2.5 Sustainable Futures: How Dense Should Our Cities Be? 61
2.6 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 69
Chapter 3: Poverty and Inequality: Enduring Features of an Urban Future? 71
3.1 Urban Poverty and Inequality: A Multidimensional Perspective 74
3.2 Trends in Poverty and Inequality: Implications for Urban Futures 76
3.3 A Global Snapshot of Inequality Trends 78
3.4 Urban Poverty in Developing Regions: Trends and Challenges for the Future of Cities 79
3.5 Urban Poverty in Developed Regions: Implications for Urban Futures 85
3.6 Urban Inequalities in Developing Regions: Matters Arising for Urban Futures 85
3.7 Urban Inequalities in Developed Regions and the Future of Cities 88
3.8 Responding to Poverty and Inequality in Cities 89
3.9 Transformative Policies for Inclusive and Equitable Urban Futures 95
3.10 Success Factors for Social Protection Policies in Urban Areas 97
3.11 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 99
Chapter 4: Resilient Urban Economies: A Catalyst for Productive Futures 103
4.1 Conceptualizing Urban Economic Resilience 106
4.2 Urban Economies of Cities in Developing Countries 109
4.3 Urban Economies of Cities in Developed Countries 119
4.4 Towards Resilient Urban Economies and Productive Urban Futures 122
4.5 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 137
Chapter 5: Securing a Greener Urban Future 139
5.1 Urban Transitions to Net Zero GHG Emissions 141
5.2 The Future of Urban Transportation 149
5.3 Embracing Resilience for Greener Urban Futures 155
5.4 Nature-based Solutions and Environmental Futures 165
5.5 Inclusive Planning Processes 169
5.6 Building Global Urban Partnerships 174
5.7 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 175
Chapter 6: Urban Planning for the Future of Cities 179
6.1 Urban Planning for Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery 183
6.2 Retrofitting Urban Spaces for Safe Social Distancing 189
6.3 Promoting Compact Urban Development 195
6.4 Planning for the Future of Public Transport Systems 201
6.5 The Importance of Spatial Scales and Analysis for the Future of Urban Planning 206
6.6 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 209
Chapter 7: Public Health and Sustainable Urban Futures 211
7.1 Towards a Multilayered, Intersectional Understanding of Urban Health 214
7.2 Advancing Urban Health Equity 228
7.3 Envisaging Health for Sustainable Urban Futures 233
7.4 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 240
Chapter 8: Rethinking Urban Governance for the Future of Cities 243
8.1 Urban Governance Lessons from a Global Pandemic 245
8.2 Urban Governance that Drives and Sustains Urban Futures 247
8.3 Emerging Urban Governance Responses to Five Pervasive Challenges 263
8.4 Divergent Urban Governance Futures 268
8.5 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 271
Chapter 9: Innovation and Technology: Towards Knowledge-Based Urban Futures 273
9.1 Future Cities as Places of Innovation 275
9.2 Frontier Technologies for Variegated Urban Futures 280
9.3 Automation, Digitalization and the Future of Work 285
9.4 Cities’ Responses to Digital and Environmental Divides 288
9.5 Technological Tools for Inclusive Governance 292
9.6 Towards Responsible Innovation 296
9.7 Concluding Remarks and Lessons for Policy 299
Chapter 10: Building Resilience for Sustainable Urban Futures 301
10.1 Defining, Understanding and Measuring Resilience 304
10.2 Economic Resilience 307
10.3 Social Resilience 312
10.4 Environmental Resilience 314
10.5 Institutional Resilience 319
10.6 Final Reflections: Building Resilience for Optimistic Urban Futures 325
Statistical Annex 329
References 359
