목차
Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 5
Key Messages 7
Executive Summary 9
Abbreviations 13
Introduction 15
Hybrid Hydropower Facility 16
Intended audience 22
Evolving Power Systems 25
Integrating Variable Renewable Energy 25
The Essential Role of Power System Flexibility 28
Unlocking Hydropower Hybrid Technologies 33
Mastering Energy Control 36
Fast-Response Hydropower 37
Power Electronics and Inverters 39
Boosting Energy Storage 40
Reservoir Energy Storage 41
Pumped Storage Hydropower 42
Electrochemical Storage (Batteries) 43
Flywheels 45
Compressed Air and Liquid Air 45
Energy Generation 47
Harnessing Synergies with Hybrid Operation and Control Systems 51
Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Hybrid Facilities 57
Fortifying Energy Security 57
Harnessing Benefits from Hydropower Hybrids 60
A nuanced Interplay with Climate, Environment, and Society 64
Fostering Energy Services 71
References 75
Annex 1. Hydropower 81
Glossary 83
FIGURE 1.1. Hybrid Systems' Energy Services for Power System Flexibility 16
FIGURE 1.2. Schematic Drawing of a Hybrid Hydropower Facility 17
FIGURE 1.3. Objectives of Hybrid Hydropower Systems 18
FIGURE 2.1. The Need for Power System Flexibility Progresses alongside Increasing Shares of VRE 26
FIGURE 2.2. Power System Flexibility Metrics and Their Significance in a Reliable and Resilient Power System 28
FIGURE 2.3. Typical Challenges Posed by VRE Generation to Power Systems, by Timescale 30
FIGURE 3.1. Relationship among Energy Services, Selected Technologies, Timescales, and Power System Flexibility 35
FIGURE 3.2. Main Features of Weather-Dependent Renewable Resources 48
FIGURE 3.3. Illustration of Seasonality of Water and Solar Resources 49
FIGURE 3.4. Illustration of Availability of Renewable Power Output throughout the Day 52
FIGURE 4.1. Fortifying Energy Security with Energy Services 58
FIGURE 4.2. Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Sources 64
FIGURE 4.3. Hydropower Hybrids Can Contribute to Achieving the SDGs 69
FIGURE 5.1. Indicators for Renewable Energy's Integration 72
FIGURE 5.2. Value-Adjusted Levelized Cost of Electricity 73
Boxes
BOX 1.1. ALTERNATIVES FOR THE HYBRIDIZATION OF HYDROPOWER IN THE POWER SYSTEM 19
BOX 1.2. THE PINNAPURAM INTEGRATED RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT 20
BOX 2.1. MARKET INDICATORS 27
BOX 3.1. CAPABILITIES 34
BOX 3.2. CURTAILMENT AS A FLEXIBILITY PROVIDER 36
BOX 3.3. ACHIEVING HIGH FLEXIBILITY WITH VARIABLE-SPEED TURBINES AND POWER ELECTRONICS 38
BOX 3.4. BESS IMPROVES ENERGY CONTROL AT VOGELGRÜN 39
BOX 3.5. KAMBARATA-1 HYDROPOWER PLANT 42
BOX 3.6. THE WIND-PUMPED HYDROPOWER STATION IN EL HIERRO, CANARY ISLANDS 44
BOX 3.7. A RENEWABLE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM: KODIAK 46
BOX 3.8. DUNKELFLAUTE-"DARK STILLNESS" 50
BOX 3.9. TRANSFORMING KAUA'I'S ENERGY LANDSCAPE WITH HYBRID HYDROPOWER SOLUTIONS 53
BOX 3.10. MORE FLEXIBLE OPERATION MAY LEAD TO A REDUCED CAPACITY FACTOR 54
BOX 4.1. LONGYANGXIA HYBRID HYDROPOWER FACILITY 59
BOX 4.2. PIONEERING HYBRID FACILITY IN ALBANIA 60
BOX 4.3. BUNDLING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA 63
BOX 4.4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HYBRIDS COMBINING WIND AND HYDROPOWER 65
BOX 4.5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HYBRIDS COMBINING HYDROPOWER AND FLOATING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 66
Photos
PHOTO B4.5.1. Lom Pangar in Cameroon 66
Box Tables
TABLE B3.10.1. Baseline assessment of capacity factor 54
TABLE B3.10.2. High flexibility may lead to reduced capacity 54
Box Figures
FIGURE B1.1.1. An Illustration of the Different Levels of Hybridization 19
FIGURE B1.2.1. Project Details and Illustrative Site Layout (Pinnapuram, Andhra Pradesh) 21
FIGURE B3.7.1. Example of a System Response to a Wind Event 46
FIGURE B4.1.1. Longyangxia Hybrid Hydropower Facility 59
Annex Figures
FIGURE A1.1. Hydropower Categories 81
