Title page 1

Contents 4

Executive summary 5

Introduction 6

Key components 8

Groups most vulnerable to transnational repression 10

Whole-of-society roles for democratic defense 12

Frameworks 14

1. Operation planning stages 15

2. Operation preperation changes 16

3. Operation execution stage 19

Case studies 20

1. Canadian MP Michael Chong 21

2. French MEP Raphaël Glucksmann 22

3. Former Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and her family 23

4. Former Latvian Defence Minister Artis Pabriks 25

5. Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China (IPAC) 26

6. Chrystia Freeland and the Ukrainian Canadian community 27

Conclusion 29

Recommendations 30

Atlantic Council Board of Directors 31