About This Report iii

Summary iv

Figures and Tables vi

Chapter 1. Caregiving as Time Use 1

Approach and Organization of the Report 4

Chapter 2. Literature Review on the Costs and Benefits of Caregiving 5

Direct Costs. 5

Indirect Costs 6

Hidden Costs. 7

Benefits 9

Gaps in the Literature 10

Chapter 3. A Time Use Framework on Caregiving 12

Chapter 4. Survey of Caregiver Time 18

Survey Design 18

Lessons from the Pilot Survey for Full-Scale Survey Design 29

Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Directions 31

Appendix A. Respondent Recruitment 35

Appendix B. Additional Details on Survey Constructs 38

Appendix C. Screener Surveys 40

Appendix D. Main Survey 43

Appendix E. Sample Overview 56

Appendix F. Caregiving Burden and Time Use 59

Appendix G. Variation in Demand for Paid Care 61

Abbreviations 65

References 66