Title page 1

Contents 1

1. Early legal foundations and normative tensions (1950s-1970s) 2

1.1. The narrow scope of protection 2

1.2. Western reserves 3

1.3. Nuclear security as a distinct domain 4

2. The 1980s: European contestation and the "linkage dilemma" 5

2.1. Sweden's norm entrepreneurship 5

2.2. Western reserves 2.0 6

2.3. The Osirak strike: A moment of normative opportunity and retreat 6

3. The 1990s: Drift, dilution and disappearance 8

4. The 2000s: The terrorism paradigm 9

5. The return of state-centric threats: Iran 2025 and Zaporizhzhia 10

Conclusions 11

References 14