Preface i

Executive Summary ii

Table of contents vi

Figures viii

Boxes viii

Tables ix

Abbreviations x

Acknowledgements xi

1. Introduction and methods 1

1.1. Problem statement 1

1.2. Analytical approach 2

2. Diverse agendas and instruments for biological security 7

2.1. Evolution of parallel regimes 7

2.2. Operational challenges of parallel reporting instruments 8

2.3. Health-equity consequences 10

2.4. Towards an integrated health-biosecurity architecture 11

3. Cohesive framework against epidemics. 12

3.1. Framework for Unified Security against Epidemics (FUSE) 12

3.2. Instrument-specific domain coverage 18

3.3. Cross-comparison across different policy instrument reporting 21

3.4. Synergies, overlap and streamlining opportunities 25

4. Implications for security reporting 28

4.1. Interpretation of principal findings 28

4.2. Implications for practice 29

5. Recommendations 31

5.1. National-level recommendation 31

5.2. International recommendation. 32

5.3. Donor alignment and catalytic grants 34

5.4. Future research recommendations 35

References 36

Annex A. Mapping of source instruments to FUSE 41

A.1. FUSE indicator cross-walk table 41

A.2. Glossary of source question tags 43

Annex B. Reflexivity journal sample. 52

B.1. Audit trail/reflexivity diary (sample entries) 52