Executive Summary 1

Part I: America’s Edge Depends on Technology Ecosystems

1 | Moving Beyond the Myths Holding America Back 7

2 | Which Technologies Matter and Why? 14

3 | The Building Blocks of Technology Ecosystems 22

4 | A Technology Balance Sheet: Where America Leads, Where It Lags, and Why 30

5 | How America Can Play the Technology Long Game 44

Part II: National Ecosystems in Action

6 | China’s Technological Ascent: Scale Advantages, Network Barriers 55

7 | America’s Technology Position: Inherited Strengths, Mounting Challenges 66

8 | Partners in the Technology Long Game: Leverage Through Interdependence 76

Appendix A: Methodology and Future Research 84

Endnotes 90