국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 6

Abbreviations and acronyms 11

Executive summary 16

1. Introducing the OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy 18

What is the OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy? 19

Why and how was the Handbook revised? 20

What are the main differences between this and the first edition of the Handbook? 24

References 25

2. Progress in concepts, definitions and measurement of the space economy 27

Defining the "space economy" 28

General concepts: Identifying the main sectors of space applications and the three main segments of the space economy 29

Measurement strategies: Identifying space activities, products and services in statistical information systems 35

Key take-aways to support space economy measurement strategies 45

Annex 2.A. 200 Commodity codes used for the US Space Economy Satellite Account 46

Annex 2.B. European classification codes for selected space products and services 51

References 53

3. Monitoring the evolving cast of space actors 56

Introduction 57

National innovation systems and the space ecosystem 57

Role of the government sector in the space economy 58

Role of the higher education sector in the space economy 63

Role of international organisations and other institutions in the space economy 67

Role of business enterprises in the space economy 68

Identifying specific groups: SMEs and workforce diversity 69

The evolving cast of space actors: Key take-aways 73

References 74

4. Using industry surveys to better understand the space economy 78

Introduction 79

A brief review of existing space industry surveys 79

Principles for a successful space industry survey 83

Towards a model questionnaire 88

Key take-aways on space economy surveys 92

Annex 4.A. Model survey for measuring the space economy 93

Annex 4.B. Launching and conducting a space industry survey: Lessons learnt from CSA-DLR co-operation 98

Organisational requirements for launching a space industry survey 98

References 100

5. Strengthening assessment of the impacts of the space economy 103

Introduction 104

Brief introduction to assessing impact 104

Selected effects and approaches to their measurement 107

Strengthening space economy impact assessments 123

Annex 5.A. Space economy evaluation studies 125

References 126

Annex A. Glossary 138

Table 1.1. Recent estimates of the space economy 21

Table 2.1. Selected activities, products and services in the upstream space segment 32

Table 2.2. Selected activities, products and services in the downstream space segment 33

Table 2.3. Selected two-digit space-related ISIC codes for international comparisons 37

Table 2.4. Selected categories of space products and services in international classifications 38

Table 2.5. Selected four-digit ISIC codes for space activities and their NAICS and NACE equivalents 41

Table 2.6. Industries and commodities included in the US space economy estimates with principal data sources 43

Table 2.7. US space economy gross output by industry 44

Table 3.1. Selected space agencies in OECD member countries and partner economies 59

Table 3.2. Selected international space organisations 67

Table 3.3. Share of women in scientific and/or management occupations in space organisations in selected OECD countries and partner economies 72

Table 4.1. Selected space sector surveys 80

Table 4.2. Selected space industry associations 83

Table 4.3. Sections and questions in selected space industry surveys 89

Table 5.1. Methodologies used in impact assessments and examples from evaluations of the space economy 107

Table 5.2. Economic impact of space activities in Canada, 2019 113

Table 5.3. Selected benefits of NASA technological transfers 117

Table 5.4. Selected general metrics used by technology transfer offices 119

Table 5.5. Pipeline infrastructure monitoring in the Netherlands 120

Table 5.6. Estimated benefits to business enterprises derived from the use of the Global Positioning System 122

Figure 1.1. Almost 80 countries have registered a satellite in orbit 22

Figure 2.1. Defining the main segments of the space economy 31

Figure 2.2. Overview of relationships between different international and European classifications 36

Figure 2.3. Standard System of National Accounts and thematic satellite accounts 42

Figure 3.1. Archetypes for national innovation systems (beyond the space sector) 58

Figure 3.2. Gross domestic expenditure on space R&D by sector in Korea 61

Figure 3.3. Government space budget allocations for selected countries and economies 62

Figure 3.4. Canadian universities and research centres' space-related revenues from the government sector 64

Figure 3.5. Space-related grants to higher education institutes under the European Union's Horizon 2020 space programme 65

Figure 3.6. NASA procurement awards to US educational and non-profit organisations 66

Figure 3.7. Breakdown of Horizon 2020 space-related grants by institutional categories 69

Figure 3.8. Small business participation in NASA procurements 71

Figure 4.1. Main applications of satellite-based services in Danish enterprises 84

Figure 5.1. Gross and net effects 105

Figure 5.2. Organisation-related outcomes of ESA projects and complementary national activities by sector in Switzerland 109

Figure 5.3. The number of space debris objects has accelerated since 2007, potentially threatening the provision of satellite data and signals 112

Figure 5.4. Environmental compliance of DLR institutes 116

Boxes

Box 2.1. Satellite broadcasting as part of the space economy's downstream activities 34

Box 2.2. Defining a "space company" 35

Box 2.3. What is a satellite account? 42

Box 3.1. Methodological note on government space budgets 62

Box 4.1. An illustration of official surveys: INSEE surveys of aeronautics and space industries 82

Box 4.2. Tracking users of space applications via official statistics in Denmark 84

Box 4.3. Example of a robust space industry survey: The Eurospace survey 85

Box 4.4. How to boost surveys' response rates? 87

Annex Tables

Annex Table 2.A.1. List of space commodities used in the US Space Economy Satellite Account 46

Annex Table 2.B.1. Concordance table for selected space products and services 51

Annex Table 5.A.1. Selected evaluations and impact assessments of space activities 125