목차
Title page
Contents
Executive Summary 6
The Bioenergy Strategy and the Committee on Climate Change's Bioenergy Review 10
Section 1 - Introduction 13
Section 2 - A framework of principles governing UK bioenergy policy 17
Section 3 - Applying the principles to bioenergy resource supplies 24
Section 4 - Applying the principles to deployment pathways 36
Section 5 - Setting future policy direction 54
Annex A: Biomass and bioenergy 60
Annex B: Sustainability of bioenergy 62
Bioenergy Strategy Glossary 76
Figure 1. Biomass supply ranges for bioenergy (including domestic and imported supplies) potentially available to the UK from 2020 to 2050 25
Figure 2. Range of domestic and imported biomass supply implied by supply scenarios from 2020 to 2050 26
Figure 3. Estimated potential biomass supply in 2020 and 2030, broken down by source (DECC estimates in the context of recent studies) 27
Figure 4. Carbon sequestered and emissions avoided (saved, compared to a reference scenario) by harvesting UK conifer forests and using the wood... 31
Figure 5. Global land availability for energy crops (DECC estimates in the context of estimates from recent studies) 34
Figure 6. Potential bioenergy contribution to overall primary energy input 39
Figure 7. Biomass deployment for primary energy under medium feedstock availability scenario with and without CCS 41
Figure 8. Energy delivered from biomass use in power generation under medium feedstock availability scenario 44
Figure 9. Illustrative carbon cost effectiveness of new dedicated biomass against conversions and alternative renewable generation 47
Figure 10. Projected Power Sector Emissions Intensity with Electricity Market Reform (CFDs & Capacity Market) 48
Figure 11. Bioenergy heat output by technology under key scenarios 50
Figure 12. Potential delivered energy from use of biomass in transport 52
Figure 13. Biomass conversion routes 61
Figure 14. Greenhouse gas emissions from producing and using different biomass fuels to generate electricity, best to worst practice 66
Figure 15. CO₂ emissions of transporting 1 tonne of wood chip per kilometre 67
Figure 16. Cost-effectiveness of using bioenergy sources to abate carbon in different applications and sectors, £/tC0₂, 2020 estimates, 2010 prices 67
Figure 17. Estimates of the life cycle emissions from biofuels when ILUC emissions are included 70
Boxes
Box 1. Government response to CCC's recommendations 10
Box 2. UK Government's legally binding targets 14
Box 3. Stakeholder feedback - what we have learned 15
Box 4. Land use change 19
Box 5. The overall energy impacts of bioenergy 23
Box 6. Key assumptions of supply availability ranges 25
Box 7. Direct land use change carbon impacts of energy crops and energy crop potential in the UK 28
Box 8. Carbon impacts of harvested wood 29
Box 9. Case study of research on biomass feedstocks 35
Box 10. Biomass uses in non-energy sectors 37
Box 11. ETI analysis of role of biomass to 2050 40
Box 12. Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage 42
Box 13. The wider context in electricity generation 45
Box 14. Carbon cost effectiveness of non-waste biomass in power (new build dedicated plants and conversions/co-firing) 46
Box 15. Wider context of the heat sector 49
Box 16. Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) and the Technology Strategy Board (TSB): Driving Innovation in Anaerobic Digestion (DIAD) 50
Box 17. The wider context of transport sector 51
Box 18. Advanced biofuels innovation: Carbon Trust and DECC Pyrolysis Challenge 53
Box 19. Current sustainability criteria for biomass use energy generation 63
