목차
Title page
Contents
Abstract/Resume 4
Introduction 6
1. Why a universal pension system would be a big move forward for France 8
1.1. Simplification, equity, modernisation, efficiency 8
1.2. Public- and private-sector pensions in the OECD: Toward a unified system 10
2. How have other countries managed the transition 14
2.1. Germany: Introduction of points in the private sector was just a formal shift 15
2.2. Sweden: Where NDC started at the core of the public pension system 16
2.3. Norway: Building on the Swedish model with flexible financial management 17
2.4. CEECs: Fast transitions amid the transformation of the economies 18
2.5. Italy: Long transition as past entitlements were not converted 20
2.6. Belgium: Proposed switch to a points system has been delayed 22
3. To what extent are DB, points and NDC inter-related within PAYGO 22
3.1. Computation of benefits and adjustment rules 22
3.2. Points and DB systems 24
3.3. Link with NDC 25
3.4. Accounting for changes in longevity 26
3.5. Financial sustainability and internal rates of return 28
4. Key parameters of the new system 29
4.1. Reference wage 30
4.2. Indexation of the cost and the value of points 32
Adjustments to wage growth, employment growth and longevity gains 32
Comparison with countries having a points or NDC scheme 35
Generic points system in France 37
4.3. Length of the transition and conversion of past entitlements 40
4.4. Would the reform imply a less redistributive pension system? 40
4.5. Balancing mechanisms 41
5. Conclusion 45
References 49
Table 1. Institutional arrangements for civil service pensions vs private-sector workers 11
Table 2. Systemic reforms implementing points or NDC pensions in OECD countries 14
Table 3. Rules for pension entitlements, initial benefits and indexation 36
Table 4. Simulations of the generic points system in France 39
Figure 1/Figure 1.1. High relative income and low poverty rate among older people in France 8
Figure 2. Remaining life expectancy at the average effective labour market exit age 9
Figure 3. Differences in gross replacement rates between the public and private sector Full-career case at the average wage from age 20 in 2016, in percentage points 13
Figure 4. Few OECD countries take into account wages for only part of the career 30
Figure 5. Ceiling on pensionable earnings, mandatory pensions 31
Figure 6. Projected change in the working-age population 34
Figure 7. Annual increase of life expectancy at 65 between 1980 and 2050 35
Boxes
Box 4.1. The mechanics of the German points system 44
제목 페이지
내용물
약어 및 두문자어 5
요약 7
소개: 제조업과 미국의 미래 8
고급 제조를 위한 비전, 목표, 목표 및 권장 사항 9
목표, 목표 및 권장 사항 10
목표 1. 첨단 제조 기술 개발 및 구현 12
목표 1.1. 탈탄소화를 지원하기 위한 깨끗하고 지속 가능한 제조 활성화 12
목표 1.2. 마이크로일렉트로닉스 및 반도체용 제조 가속화 13
목표 1.3. 바이오경제를 지원하는 첨단 제조 구현 14
목표 1.4. 혁신소재 및 공정기술 개발 15
목표 1.5. 스마트 제조의 미래를 이끌다 16
목표 2. 첨단 제조 인력 육성 17
목표 2.1. 첨단 제조 인재 풀 확대 및 다양화 18
목표 2.2. 고급 제조 교육 및 훈련 개발, 확장 및 촉진 19
목표 2.3. 고용주와 교육 기관 간의 연결 강화 20
목표 3. 제조 공급망에 탄력성 구축 20
목표 3.1. 공급망 상호 연결 강화 21
목표 3.2. 제조 공급망 취약성을 줄이기 위한 노력 확대 21
목표 3.3. 첨단 제조 생태계 강화 및 활성화 22
추가 기관 간 기여자 24
부록 A. 에이전시 참여 및 지표 25
부록 B. 2018 전략 계획의 목표 달성 과정 27
부록 C. 자세한 권장 사항 33