Title page

Contents

Foreword 3

1. Introduction 5

1.1. The OECD Global Blockchain Policy Forum 7

1.2. Blockchain technology: A policymaker's overview 7

1.3. The need for a strong international lens 11

2. Fostering co-operation and closer economic ties 13

2.1. Scaling up for international trade 14

2.2. Digital identity and other digital credentials 16

2.3. Corporate governance and capital formation in a decentralised future 20

3. Upholding global rules and norms 24

3.1. Environmental, Social and Governance issues in blockchain networks 25

3.2. Combatting financial crime in virtual assets 28

4. Supporting an international policy environment for blockchain innovation 30

4.1. Governing decentralised technologies 31

4.2. Towards an international regulatory environment 34

5. Conclusions and recommendations 37

References 40

Table 1. Examples of blockchain innovation 9

Figure 1. Model of decentralised Self Sovereign Identity 17

Boxes

Box 1. How blockchain technology works 8

Box 2. National and regional initiatives for decentralised identity 17

Box 3. European Commission-Canada Partnership on Digital Credentials 19

Box 4. What are smart contracts? 21

Box 5. MakerDAO: Lending services on an automated, decentralised business platform 22

Box 6. Consensus mechanisms and energy consumption 26

Box 7. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 27

Box 8/Box 9. Private sector insights on AML compliance 29

Box 9/Box 10. National strategies for emerging technologies 33

Box 10/Box 11. The Agile Nations Charter 34