국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Abstract/Résumé 4

Introduction 7

Climate change will affect Sweden, but uncertainty is high 8

Climate policy in Sweden: successes and challenges 10

Institutional set-up and emission reduction targets 12

Sweden's main climate policy instruments 14

Policy needs tightening and more coherence 16

Investing in electricity supply and people to fuel the green transition 23

Large investments are needed in clean and reliable electricity 26

Spatial planning, permits and competing land claims slow down the transition 32

A fast green transition requires people, services and infrastructure 38

References 45

Table 1. Most towns and cities in Norrbotten and Västerbotten report housing shortages 40

Table 2. Example: population increase per direct manufacturing job created 41

Figure 1. Extreme weather will occur more frequently as temperatures rise 9

Figure 2. Swedish greenhouse gas emissions need to keep falling 11

Figure 3. Transport and industry are major emitting sectors 12

Figure 4. A likely failure to reach the transport target requires additional action in other sectors 13

Figure 5. Non-ETS emissions are mostly in transportation and agriculture 18

Figure 6. Electric vehicle sales depend on global technology development and national policies 19

Figure 7. Swedish companies are among the most climate-conscious in the world 26

Figure 8. The energy crisis has led to large price differentials in Sweden 27

Figure 9. Sweden is a net exporter of electricity 28

Figure 10. Geographical variations in the balance of supply and demand 29

Figure 11. Electricity demand could roughly double by 2045 30

Figure 12. Land is abundant, but with many claims 33

Figure 13. The permitting procedure for onshore wind is among the slowest in Europe 35

Figure 14. Around half of wind power applications are approved 35

Figure 15. Rural municipalities are facing demographic pressures 39

Figure 16. Current labour shortages in Norrbotten are projected to become more acute 42

Figure 17. The share of young adults with tertiary education is lower than the national average 42

Figure 18. Participation in lifelong learning is high throughout the country 43

Boxes

Box 1. Electric vehicle incentives and take-up in Norway 18

Box 2. Pricing of agricultural emissions and natural sinks in New Zealand 21

Box 3. Green industrial developments in Norrbotten and Västerbotten 24

Box 4. Contract for Difference auctions made the United Kingdom a leader in offshore wind 31

Box 5. The Environment Permit Commission's main conclusions 34

Box 6. Streamlining planning decisions through the AGON coordination network 36

Box 7. A back-of-the-envelope calculation of future population increase in Skellefteå 41