목차
Title page
Contents
Acknowledgments 4
Executive Summary 7
1. Introduction and Research Approach 11
2. Background 14
2.1. Costs of Building Retrofits 16
2.2. Building Decarbonization Funding Gap 17
3. Findings from Research Interviews: Challenges in the Building Decarbonization Market 18
3.1. Disaggregated Marketplace for Building Decarbonization Efforts 18
3.2. A Building Decarbonization Financing Framework 22
4. Research Findings: Case Studies and Key Takeaways 26
4.1. Ingredients for Success 30
5. The Opportunity for Green Banks 33
5.1. Green Banks as Market Makers 34
5.2. Green Banks as Providers of Catalytic "Development" Capital 36
5.3. Momentum for Green Banks in the United States 38
6. The Role of Government 40
6.1. Carbon Pricing 40
6.2. Building Codes 41
6.3. Building Labeling and Building Standards 42
6.4. Building Emission Targets 44
6.5. Clean Heat Standard 45
6.6. Fossil Fuel Use Mandates and Bans 46
7. Conclusion and Additional Research 47
8. Glossary of Key Terms 50
Endnotes 52
Table 1. Research Stakeholders Interviewed 13
Table 2. Building Decarbonization Interventions 15
Table 3. Key Barriers to Residential Building Decarbonization 19
Table 4. Building Decarbonization Financing Framework 23
Figure 1. Framework of Disaggregated Marketplace for Residential Building Decarbonization Efforts 8
Figure 2. Residential Building Financing Feasibility Framework 9
Figure 3. Energy Use in U.S. Buildings, 2019 14
Figure 4. Retrofitting Costs for Commercial and Residential Buildings 16
Figure 5. IEA: Annual Investment in Building Energy Efficiency in Net Zero Scenario, 2017-2030 17
Figure 6. Building Decarbonization Market Challenges 21
Figure 7. Residential Financing Feasibility Framework 23
Figure 8. EnergieSprong's Estimate of Building Candidates for Deep Retrofits 27
Figure 9. EnergieSprong's Approach to Prefabricated Building Envelopes to Reduce Cost and Installation Time 28
Figure 10. BlocPower's Business Proposition 29
Figure 11. Green Bank to Support Building Decarbonization 35
Figure 12. Traditional Capital Stack for Real Estate Investments 36
Figure 13. Various Sources of Financing for Building Decarbonization Efforts 37
Figure 14. Facilitating Private Financing for Building Decarbonization Projects 38
Figure 15. Sample Building Energy Performance Certificate in Belgium 43
