목차
Title page
Contents
Abstract 3
Acknowledgments 3
Summary 5
Introduction 7
Data and Methodology 11
Trends in Energy Payments 13
Regional Distribution of Energy Payments: Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind 17
Energy Payments by Farm and Operator Characteristics 23
Determinants of Energy Payments: Findings From Regression Analyses 28
Conclusion 33
References 35
Appendix 40
Regression Model Technical Details 40
Supplementary Descriptive Tables 41
Table 1. Energy payments to U.S. agricultural producers, 2011-20 14
Table 2. U.S. energy payments compared to other income sources, 2011-20 16
Table 3. U.S. energy payments compared to other income sources: Energy income households only 17
Table 4. Percent of U.S. agricultural producers receiving energy payments by county production type, 2011-20 20
Table 5. Average U.S. energy payments by county production type in U.S. dollars, 2011-20 21
Table 6. Regression results: Probability of energy payments 29
Table 7. Regression results: Size of energy payments 32
Figure 1. Annual average U.S. energy payments and oil prices, 2011-20 15
Figure 2. U.S. energy payments (U.S. dollars) by farm production expenditure regions, 2011-20 18
Figure 3. U.S. energy county definitions, 2020 19
Figure 4. U.S. energy payment distributions, 2011-20 22
Figure 5. U.S. energy payments by farm acres owned, 2011-20 23
Figure 6. U.S. energy payments by farm type, 2011-20 25
Figure 7. U.S energy payments by farm production specialty, 2011-20 26
Figure 8. U.S. energy payments by farm operator educational status, 2011-20 27
Figure 9. U.S. energy payments by farm operator race/ethnicity, 2011-20 28
Table A.1. U.S. average energy payments by county production type: Oil fields measure, 2011-20 41
Table A.2. U.S. average energy payments by county production type: Strict production measure, 2011-20 42
Table A.3. Probability of energy payments: Texas, 2011-20 42
Table A.4. Size of energy payments regression: Excluding outliers, 2011-20 43
Table A.5. Probit marginal effects on the probability of receiving energy payments, 2011-20 44
Table A.6. Marginal effects from the Heckman Selection Model, 2011-20 45
Figure A.1. U.S. energy payments by farm size, 2011-20 46
Figure A.2. U.S. energy payments by primary farm operator retirement status, 2011-20 46
