Financing the fight against poverty and hunger – mobilising resources for a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) reset : draft report

Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 3

Acronyms 8

Executive Summary 10

1. Introduction 16

2. The backdrop - an SDG crisis, and the opportunity for recovery 21

2.1. SDG 1 - the 2030 poverty target is slipping out of reach 21

2.2. Zero hunger - off-track, with marked reversals 27

2.3. Accelerating progress - some lessons from success stories 31

2.4. SDG financing gaps 38

3. International development finance for SDGs 1 and 2 - mapping resource flows 41

3.1. The state of non-humanitarian financing for global hunger and poverty (GHP) 43

3.2. The bilateral and multilateral architecture 53

3.2.1. Multilateral agencies 53

3.2.2. The multilateral development banks 55

3.3. Official donors bilateral global hunger and poverty ODF 58

3.3.1. The interface between the bilateral and multilateral systems - no hard borders 60

3.3.2. UN agencies and the global health funds 61

3.3.3. The global health funds - a success story that skews spending 63

3.3.4. Climate adaptation finance provides a weak link to financing for SDGs 1 and 2 64

3.4. The humanitarian system - overstretched and under-funded 66

3.5. Proliferation and fragmentation in the aid architecture 68

3.6. Some broad conclusions 73

4. From mapping to delivery - unlocking finance for SDGs 1 and 2 76

4.1. Linking to the wider G20 agenda 77

4.1.1. Leveraging the MDB system 78

4.1.2. Tackling the debt crisis 80

4.1.3. Speeding up the recycling of SDRs 84

4.1.4. International taxes 85

4.1.5. Repurposing subsidies 86

4.1.6. From global action to national delivery 87

4.1.7. Social protection - a priority area 90

4.2. Smallholder farming - key to reducing poverty 93

5. Conclusion 95

Annex 1. Methodology 97

Annex 2 103

References 104

Table 1. Estimated financing gaps for selected SDG targets 40

Table 2. Table 2 of global hunger and poverty ODF by category - selected reporting lines (2018-2022) 50

Table 3. Multilateral development banks - overall commitments and shares, 2019 and 2021 56

Table 4. Official Development Finance for Global Health and Poverty - OECD CRS code 97

Table 5. CRS budget lines used to track official development finance for poverty and hunger - selected studies 98

Table 6. Top 30 Countries receiving global hunger and poverty development finance 103

Figure 1. Global Extreme Poverty - $2.15 (PPP/2017) by region (and China), number of people and incidence, 1990-2022 22

Figure 2. People Living Below $3.70 (PPP/2017) - by region, number of people and share of global population, 2000-2022 23

Figure 3. Child Stunting Reductions - actual annual rates of progress (AARP), 2012-2022 and required rates of progress to achieve SDG target, global and selected regions 28

Figure 4. Brazil's social protection system - reach and impacts on poverty and inequality (post-transfer no adjustment) 33

Figure 5. Official development financing and government revenues - sub-Saharan Africa and LDCs, share of GDP 2010-2021 43

Figure 6. Aid from OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Members - by volume and share of GNI, 2022 (commitments) 45

Figure 7. ODF disbursement on global hunger and poverty - share of overall ODF and allocation by theme, 2022 47

Figure 8. Volume of ODF for global hunger and poverty versus total ODF, 2018-2022 47

Figure 9. Composition of ODF for global hunger and poverty by development finance category, 2022 48

Figure 10. ODF profiles by different country income groups - ODA grants and loans and other official finance, 2022 49

Figure 11. Allocation of global hunger and poverty ODF by theme (2018-2022) 50

Figure 12. Share of global hunger and poverty ODF by region 2018-2022 52

Figure 13. Delivery channels for GHP financing - bilateral and multilateral (core and non-core), 2022 54

Figure 14. Top 10 multilateral organisations providing global hunger and poverty ODF, 2022 55

Figure 15. Global health and poverty financing by theme - the World Bank, four regional MDBs, and the EU institutions, 2022 58

Figure 16. Top 10 bilateral donors for global health and poverty, 2022 (ODA and other official finance) 59

Figure 17. Share of global health and poverty ODF by key area - top 5 bilateral donors, 2022 60

Figure 18. Top 10 UN agencies providing global health and poverty funding - core and non-core contributions, 2022 63

Figure 19. GAVI and the Global Fund global health and poverty disbursements - core and non-core contributions, 2022 64

Figure 20. Global health and poverty disbursements - selected environment and climate funds, 2022 66

Figure 21. Top 10 donors providing humanitarian financing, 2022 68

Figure 22. Non-humanitarian global health and poverty finance - aid type and delivery channel, 2022 70

Figure 23. Transactions related to agriculture, social protection, and basic health reporting lines, selected countries, 2022 71

Figure 24. Reported global health and poverty transactions - financial size, 2022 72

Boxes

Box 1. The global eco-system for tackling hunger - crowded and less than the sum of its parts 36

Box 2. Somalia's Baxaano programme 92

Box 3. CGIAR - research that rolls-back hunger 94