국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

KEY TAKEAWAYS 2

INTRODUCTION 4

DISTINGUISHING INNOVATION, PRODUCTIVITY, AND COMPETITIVENESS 5

Competitiveness 5

Innovation 7

Productivity 8

INNOVATION PERFORMANCE 9

R&D 9

Intellectual Property 19

Higher Education 21

Labour Force 26

Technology Use 27

Fast-Growing Businesses 30

PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE 31

COMPETITIVENESS PERFORMANCE 44

WHAT TO DO 53

Principle 1: Reject "Silver Bullet" Solutions 53

Principle 2: Move Beyond Ingredientism 54

Principle 3: Think Sectors and Technology, Not Markets and Economy 55

Principle 4: Look to "Productionists" for Advice on Innovation, Productivity, and Competitiveness 56

Principle 5: Focus Less on Industrial Recruitment and More on Supporting Companies Already in Canada 56

Principle 6: The Only Way to Avoid the Gravitational Pull of the United States Is for Canada to Make Its Own 57

Principle 7: See Big and Medium-Sized Businesses as Beautiful 58

Principle 8: Embrace North American Integration, Not Separation 59

Principle 9: Reject the Precautionary Principle and Embrace the Innovation Principle 61

Principle 10: Make Innovation, Productivity, and Competitiveness a Top Priority 61

CONCLUSION 62

ENDNOTES 63

Table 1. Number of firms in nine advanced trade sectors (2021) 13

Table 2. Business R&D relative to the global average in nine advanced sectors, 2021 (manufacturing in italics) 14

Table 3. Top patent grants as a share of all patents, by technology (2023) 21

Table 4. Labour productivity growth from 2011 to 2022 by industry (manufacturing in italics) 34

Table 5. Machinery and equipment investment percentage change from 2002 to 2022 40

Table 6. IP products percentage change from 2002 to 2022 42

Figure 1. Gross expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP 10

Figure 2. R&D composition as a percentage of GDP (2021) 11

Figure 3. Business expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP 12

Figure 4. Companies in the top 2,500 global R&D investors per trillions of dollars of purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP (2022) 12

Figure 5. Share of global R&D of top 2,500 R&D spenders (2021) 14

Figure 6. Top 15 Canadian R&D industries 16

Figure 7. Higher-education expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP 17

Figure 8. Percentage of higher-education R&D financed by the business sector (2019) 18

Figure 9. Government expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP 19

Figure 10. Patent cooperation treaty patent applications per billion PPP$ GDP 19

Figure 11. IP exports as a percentage of total trade (2021) 20

Figure 12. Average QS ranking of top three universities (2023) 22

Figure 13. Share of age 25-64 population with a university or college degree (2022) 22

Figure 14. STEM undergraduate degrees awarded as a percentage of total undergraduate degrees 23

Figure 15. Scientific and technical journal articles per billion PPP$ GDP (2022) 24

Figure 16. H-Index of publications (2022) 24

Figure 17. University tech transfer office new patent applications 25

Figure 18. University tech transfer office licensing FTEs 25

Figure 19. Business enterprise researchers per thousand labour force (2017) 26

Figure 20. Annual growth rate of proportion of people with AI-related jobs 27

Figure 21. Business information technology (IT) adoption (2019) 28

Figure 22. Software spending as a percentage of GDP (2022) 29

Figure 23. Percentages of businesses that deployed AI (2022) 29

Figure 24. Venture capital investment as a percentage of GDP 30

Figure 25. Unicorn valuations as a percentage of GDP (2022) 31

Figure 26. United States and Canadian labour productivity growth rate from 1982 to 2002 and 2002 to 2022 32

Figure 27. United States' and Canadian labour productivity compared to base year 2017 32

Figure 28. Labour productivity, percentage growth, 2002-2012 33

Figure 29. Labour productivity, percentage growth, 2012-2023 33

Figure 30. GDP per hour worked in 2022 (constant prices, 2015 PPPs) 37

Figure 31. Machinery, equipment, and weapons systems share of GDP in 2020 38

Figure 32. Machinery and equipment and weapon system share of GDP percentage point change, 2005-2020 39

Figure 33. Machinery and equipment as a share of final consumption expenditures, 2002-2023 39

Figure 34. IP products as a share of final consumption expenditures, 2002-2023 40

Figure 35. Industrial robots per 10,000 manufacturing workers (2022) 44

Figure 36. Hamilton Index industries' shares of Canada's economy 45

Figure 37. Relative national performance in the composite Hamilton Index (2020 LQ) 46

Figure 38. 2020 advanced industry location quotients 47

Figure 39. Percentage change in advanced industry concentration from 1995 to 2020 47

Figure 40. Change in relative national performance in the composite Hamilton Index (LQ difference, 1995-2020) 48

Figure 41. Change in relative national performance in the composite Hamilton Index (LQ difference, 2008-2020) 49

Figure 42. Canada's relative historical performance in Hamilton industries (LQ Trends) 50

Figure 43. Relative performance in motor vehicles (2020 LQ) 51

Figure 44. Net change in relative performance in motor vehicles, 2008-2020 (LQ difference) 52