Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Design 6

2.1. Setting 6

2.2. Conceptual framework 7

2.3. Treatments 9

2.4. Treatment comparisons and hypotheses 10

2.5. Implementation 11

3. Results 13

3.1. Descriptives 13

3.2. Treatment effects by period 14

3.3. Heterogeneity by recycling at baseline 17

3.4. Mechanisms 18

3.5. Treatment effects over the entire intervention period 20

3.6. Intensive margin 23

4. Conclusion 23

References 26

Appendix 30

A. Balance tests and descriptive overview 30

B. Histograms of recycling frequency per period 32

C. Graphs on weekly recycling behavior 34

D. Additional analyses 35

E. Full sample results 40

Table 1. Study design overview 9

Table 2. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period 16

Table 3. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period - baseline recycling yes vs. no 17

Table 4. Treatment effects on recycling in period 2 and 3 combined 19

Table 5. Treatment effects on recycling over entire intervention period 22

Figure 1. Recycling propensity by reminder frequency 7

Figure 2. Proportion of households that recycled at least once per period, by treatment 14

Figure 3. Total recycling frequency during entire intervention period, by treatment 21

Table A.1. Household characteristics by group - full sample 30

Table A.2. Households that recycled at least once: old vs. recent sign-up years 30

Table A.3. Household characteristics by group - recent sign-up years 31

Table D.1. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period (logit) 35

Table D.2. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period 36

Table D.3. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period - baseline recycling yes 36

Table D.4. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period - baseline recycling no 37

Table D.5. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period 38

Table D.6. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period - baseline recycling yes 38

Table D.7. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period - baseline recycling no 39

Table E.1. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period - full sample 44

Table E.2. Treatment effects on whether households recycle at least once, by period - full sample (logit) 45

Table E.3. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period - baseline recycling yes - full sample 46

Table E.4. Treatment effects on whether households recycled at least once, by period - baseline recycling no - full sample 46

Table E.5. Treatment effects on recycling in period 2 and 3 combined - full sample 47

Table E.6. Treatment effects on recycling in period 2 and 3 combined - baseline recycling yes - full sample 47

Table E.7. Treatment effects on recycling in period 2 and 3 combined - baseline recycling no - full sample 47

Table E.8. Treatment effects on recycling over entire intervention period - full sample 49

Table E.9. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period - full sample 50

Table E.10. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period - baseline recycling yes - full sample 50

Table E.11. Treatment effects on how often households recycled per period - baseline recycling no - full sample 51

Table E.12. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period - full sample 52

Table E.13. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period - baseline recycling yes - full sample 52

Table E.14. Treatment effects on the number of bags recycled by households per period - baseline recycling no - full sample 53

Figure B.1. Histograms of recycling frequency during the baseline period (week 1-3), comparing all treatment groups together with the control group 32

Figure B.2. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 2 (week 4-6), comparing all treatment groups together with the control group 32

Figure B.3. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 3 (week 7-9), comparing the continuous and the interrupted treatment groups with the control group 33

Figure B.4. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 4 (week 10-12), comparing the continuous, interrupted and restarted treatment groups with the control group 33

Figure C.1. Percentages of households that recycled per week 34

Figure E.1. Histograms of recycling frequency during the baseline period (week 1-3), comparing all treatment groups together with the control group - full sample 41

Figure E.2. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 2 (week 4-6), comparing all treatment groups together with the control group - full sample 41

Figure E.3. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 3 (week 7-9), comparing the continuous and the interrupted treatment groups with the control group - full sample 42

Figure E.4. Histograms of recycling frequency during period 4 (week 10-12), comparing the continuous, interrupted and restarted treatment groups with the control group - full sample 42

Figure E.5. Percentages of households that recycled per week - full sample 43

Figure E.6. Proportions of households that recycled at least once per period - full sample 44

Figure E.7. Total recycling frequency during entire intervention period, by treatment - full sample 48