1 | Introduction 1
SECTION 1
Crucial Industries Rely on Critical Minerals to Remain Competitive 10
2 | Powering Technology: Critical Minerals for the Semiconductor Industry 11
3 | Securing the Nation: Mineral Needs for the Defense Industrial Base 17
4 | Driving Innovation: Critical Minerals and the Automotive Industry 25
5 | Fueling the Transition: The Role of Critical Minerals in Renewable Energy 34
SECTION 2
Progress Under the Biden Administration: Important but Incomplete 39
6 | An Evaluation of the Inflation Reduction Act 40
7 | An Evaluation of the CHIPS and Science Act 50
8 | An Evaluation of the Defense Production Act 56
9 | An Evaluation of the Minerals Security Partnership 65
SECTION 3
Addressing Challenges and Outstanding Questions in the Critical Minerals Industry 71
10 | Modernizing Mine Permitting in the United States 72
11 | Closing the Midstream Gap in U.S. Critical Minerals Supply Chains 83
12 | A Strategy for Minerals Diplomacy in Emerging Markets 90
13 | Mining the Deep Sea: A New Minerals Frontier 101
14 | Pursuing Responsible Mining for a Brighter Future 109
15 | A Comprehensive U.S. Critical Minerals Plan 116
16 | Conclusion 124

About the Editors 132
About the Contributors 133
Endnotes 134