목차
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
LIST OF TABLES IV
LIST OF FIGURES V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3
1.1. Background 3
1.2. Objectives and approach 5
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 7
2.1. Identification of relevant literature 7
2.2. Screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and data analysis 10
2.3. Biological evidence 15
2.4. Determination of causality 15
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW AND EVALUATION 17
3.1. Characteristics of the included articles 17
3.2. All-cause mortality 26
3.3. Circulatory mortality 39
3.4. Respiratory mortality 57
CHAPTER 4: RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CAUSALITY 66
4.1. Evidence from long-term epidemiological studies 66
4.2. Biological evidence 72
4.3. Determination of causality 74
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 77
REFERENCES 80
APPENDIX. STUDY DETAILS BY EXPOSURE METRIC 88
A.1. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to NO2 88
A.2. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to NOx 98
A.3. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to NO 103
A.4. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to PM2.5 105
A.5. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to EC, PM2.5 abs, and BC 112
A.6. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to PM10 and PMcoarse 117
A.7. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to benzene 122
A.8. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to CO 123
A.9. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to traffic proximity 124
A.10. Study details for mortality by long-term exposure to traffic density 134
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1: Summary of mortality outcomes associated with TRAP exposure and conclusions from HEI (2010, 2022) 5
TABLE 1.2: Summary of health outcomes and classification of causal associations from Health Canada (2020; 2022c) 5
TABLE 2.1: Conversion factors for units in meta-analysis 14
TABLE 2.2: Weight of evidence for determination of causality (derived from US EPA 2015) 16
TABLE 3.1: Number of articles included in the risk assessment per publication date and exposure metric for each cause of mortality 17
TABLE 3.2: General study characteristics by geographical location and year of publication for long-term exposure to TRAP 18
TABLE 3.3: RoB assessment 24
